Speedway

Sugar industry

"Big Sugar" redirects here. For the Canadian rock band, see Big Sugar (band). For other uses, see Big Sugar (disambiguation).
Sugar Prices 1962-2022
USD per pound

The sugar industry subsumes the production, processing and marketing of sugars (mostly sucrose and fructose). Globally, about 80% of sugar is extracted from sugar cane, grown predominantly in the tropics, and 20% from sugar beet, grown mostly in temperate climate in North America or Europe.

Sugar beets awaiting processing at the Holly Sugar Corporation plant near Brawley, California in 1970
Ledesma's sugar mills in Jujuy province, Argentina, 1910.

Sugar is used for soft drinks, sweetened beverages, convenience foods, fast food, candy, confectionery, baked products, and other sweetened foods. Sugarcane is used in the distillation of rum.

Several countries subsidize sugar.[1] Globally in 2018, around 185 million tons of sugar was produced, led by India with 35.9 million tons, followed by Brazil and Thailand.[2] There are more than 123 sugar-producing countries, but only 30% of the produce is traded on the international market.

Market

Sugar subsidies have driven market costs for sugar well below the cost of production. As of 2019, 3/4 of world sugar production is never traded on the open market. Brazil controls half the global market, paying the most ($2.5 billion per year) in subsidies to its sugar industry.[3]

The US sugar system is complex, using price supports, domestic marketing allotments, and tariff-rate quotas.[4] It directly supports sugar processors rather than farmers growing sugar crops.[4][3] The US government also uses tariffs to keep the US domestic price of sugar 64% to 92% higher than the world market price, costing American consumers $3.7 billion per year.[4] A 2018 policy proposal to eliminate sugar tariffs, called "Zero-for-Zero", is currently (March 2018) before the US Congress.[3][5] Previous reform attempts have failed.[6]

The European Union (EU) is a leading sugar exporter. The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU used to set maximum quotas for production and exports, and a subsidized sugar sales with an EU-guaranteed minimum price.[7][8] Large import tariffs were also used to protect the market.[7] In 2004, the EU was spending €3.30 in subsidies to export €1 worth of sugar, and some sugar processors, like British Sugar, had a 25% profit margin.[9]

A 2004 Oxfam report called EU sugar subsidies "dumping" and said they harm the world's poor.[9] A WTO ruling against the EU quota and subsidy system in 2005-2006[10] forced the EU to cut its minimum price and quotas, and stop doing intervention buying.[7] The EU abolished some quotas in 2015,[11][12] but minimum prices remain.[11][13][14] Tariffs also persist for most countries.[14] In 2009, the EU granted Least Developed Countries (LDCs) zero-tariff access to the EU market[7] as part of the Everything but Arms initiative.[8]

As of 2018, India, Thailand, and Mexico also subsidize sugar.[3]

Global players

The top 10 sugar-producing companies based on production in 2010:[15]

Rank Company 2010/11 Output [Mt] Country
1. Südzucker AG 4.2 Germany
2. Cosan SA Industria & Comercio 4.1 Brazil
3. British Sugar Plc 3.9 UK
4. Tereos Internacional SA 3.6 France
5. Mitr Phol Sugar Corp. 2.7 Thailand
6. Nordzucker Gmbh & Co KG 2.5 Germany
7. Louis Dreyfus 1.8 Netherlands
8. Wilmar International Ltd. 1.5 Singapore
9. Thai Roong Ruang Sugar Group 1.5 Thailand
10. Turkiye Seker Fabrikalari 1.34 Turkey

The global sugar industry has a low market share concentration. The top four sugar producers account for less than 20.0% of the market.[16]

See also: Category:Sugar companies

Products

Lobbying and marketing

Main article: Sugar marketing

The sugar industry engages in sugar marketing and lobbying, minimizing the adverse health effects of sugar—obesity and tooth decay—and influencing medical research and public health recommendations.[17][18][19][20]

Organizations

History of the sugar industry

Main article: History of sugar

Health effects

See also: Sugar § Health effects, and Sugary drink tax § Health concerns related to excess sugar in the diet

Industry funding of research

The sugar industry has funded research that downplayed the health effects of sugar. The Coca-Cola Company provided funding to the Global Energy Balance Network promoting exercise over reduced sugar consumption.[21][22] The Sugar Research Foundation, the predecessor to the Sugar Association, funded research that downplayed the risks of sugar and highlighted the hazards of fat.[23][24]

Subsidies

United States

This section is an excerpt from U.S. Sugar Program.[]

The U.S. Sugar program is the federal commodity support program that maintains a minimum price for sugar, authorized by the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 1401–1403) to cover the 2002-2007 crops of sugar beets and sugarcane.

Originally designed to protect the incomes of the sugar industry-growers of sugarcane and sugar beets, and firms that process each crop into sugar - the program now prevents them from competing with producers of corn syrup sweetener. It supports domestic sugar prices by:

(1) making available nonrecourse loans to processors (not less than 18¢/lb. for raw cane sugar, or 22.9¢/lb. for refined beet sugar);
(2) restricting sugar imports using a tariff-rate quota, and
(3) limiting the amount of sugar that processors can sell domestically (under marketing allotments) when imports are below 1.532 million short tons.
Import restrictions are intended to meet U.S. commitments under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture. Processor and refiner marketing allotments are set by USDA according to statutory requirements. Marketing allotments and new payment-in-kind authority are designed to help the USDA meet the no-cost-requirements to the federal government by avoiding the forfeiture of sugar put under loan. Other parts of the new program can include a storage loan program for sugar processors, and reduced (by 1%) the USDA interest rate charged on sugar loans.

Labor

Working condition

Workers face low pay, debts, heat stress[25] and chemical exposure.[26][27]

Child labor

Child labor has been reported in the sugar industry.[25]

Slavery

See also: Sugar plantations in the Caribbean § Slavery on Caribbean sugar plantations

Sugar played a significant role in the Atlantic slave trade, driving the demand for labor on plantations in the Americas.

In 2022, U.S. Customs and Border Protection blocked imports of Central Romana sugar citing "information that reasonably indicates the use of forced labor in its operations".[28][29]

Interventionism

Cuba

Further information: Sugar Intervention

From August 25, 1917 to February 15, 1922, the United States Marine Corps was stationed in Cuba to protect American sugar interests.

Hawaii

The sugar industry played a role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Environmental effects

See also: Sugarcane § Environmental impacts

Water

Sugarcane is a very water intensive crop[30] and irrigating sugarcane can contribute to water scarcity.[31]

Wastewater and solid waste from sugar mills can pollute water.

Sugarcane burning

ProPublica and The Palm Beach Post reported that sugar companies set fire to cane fields in Florida to rid the sugarcane of its outer leaves but the fires also release harmful smoke. Residents are suing sugar companies, alleging that pollution from cane burning damages residents’ health.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Resolution In US House Against Subsidies On Sugar By Countries Including India". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  2. ^ "Sugar: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Phillips, Judson (16 March 2018). "Sugar, steel subsidies are anything but sweet". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  4. ^ a b c "Sugar and sweeteners: Policy". US Department of Agriculture. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  5. ^ Romano, Robert (2017-01-17). "Yoho Zero for Zero sugar policy is a trade win-win for everyone". Congressman Ted Yoho. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  6. ^ Edwards, Chris (2007-06-20). "Why Congress Should Repeal Sugar Subsidy". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  7. ^ a b c d "Q&A: Sugar subsidies". Business. BBC News. 2005-09-19. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  8. ^ a b "Food, Farming, Fisheries" (PDF). European Commission. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  9. ^ a b "Dumping on the world - How EU sugar policies hurt poor countries" (PDF). Oxfam. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  10. ^ "Brazil Claims Victory After WTO Ruling on EU Sugar Subsidies". ictsd.org. 6 August 2004. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  11. ^ a b "Sugar | European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  12. ^ Burrell, Alison; Himics, Mihaly; Van Doorslaer, Benjamin; Ciaian, Pavel; Shrestha, Shailesh (2014). EU sugar policy: A sweet transition after 2015?. Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2791/68116. ISBN 978-92-79-35567-7. ISSN 1831-9424.
  13. ^ Viljoen, Willemien (8 May 2014). "The end of the EU sugar quota and the implication for African producers". tralac.org. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  14. ^ a b Roberts, Dan (27 March 2017). "Sweet Brexit: what sugar tells us about Britain's future outside the EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  15. ^ Chanjaroen, Chanyaporn (November 4, 2011). "Suedzucker Leads the Top 10 Sugar-Producing Companies". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  16. ^ "Global Sugar Manufacturing: Market Research Report". IBISWorld. 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  17. ^ Sifferlin, Alexandra (10 October 2016). "Soda Companies Fund 96 Health Groups In the U.S." Time. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
  18. ^ Mozaffarian, Dariush (2 May 2017). "Conflict of Interest and the Role of the Food Industry in Nutrition Research". JAMA. 317 (17): 1755–1756. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3456. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 28464165.
  19. ^ Schillinger, Dean; Tran, Jessica; Mangurian, Christina; Kearns, Cristin (20 December 2016). "Do Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Cause Obesity and Diabetes? Industry and the Manufacture of Scientific Controversy" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 165 (12): 895–897. doi:10.7326/L16-0534. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 7883900. PMID 27802504. Retrieved 2018-03-21.(original url, paywalled: Author's conflict of interest disclosure forms)
  20. ^ O’Connor, Anahad (31 October 2016). "Studies Linked to Soda Industry Mask Health Risks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  21. ^ McQuaid, John. "Coca-Cola Has A New Message: Exercise! (And Keep Drinking Cokes)". Forbes. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  22. ^ "Coca-Cola Funds Scientists Who Downplay Diet's Role In Obesity". NPR. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  23. ^ Domonoske, Camila (2016-09-13). "50 Years Ago, Sugar Industry Quietly Paid Scientists To Point Blame At Fat". NPR. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  24. ^ O’Connor, Anahad (2016-09-12). "How the Sugar Industry Shifted Blame to Fat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  25. ^ a b Cole, Nicki Lisa (2018-04-27). "Child labour, poverty and terrible working conditions lie behind the sugar you eat". The Conversation. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  26. ^ Tolan, Sandy (2021-09-17). "The High Human Cost of America's Sugar Habit". Reveal. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  27. ^ Rajagopalan, Megha (2024-08-22). "Sugar Industry Faces Pressure Over Coerced Hysterectomies and Labor Abuses". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  28. ^ Montgomery, Sandy Tolan, Michael (2023-10-20). "Federal Agents Investigating Sugar Exporter Over Allegations of Forced Labor in Its Supply Chain". Reveal. Retrieved 2025-02-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "CBP Issues Withhold Release Order on Central Romana Corporation Limited | U.S. Customs and Border Protection". www.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  30. ^ "Sugarcane | Industries | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  31. ^ Hess, T. M.; Sumberg, J.; Biggs, T.; Georgescu, M.; Haro-Monteagudo, D.; Jewitt, G.; Ozdogan, M.; Marshall, M.; Thenkabail, P.; Daccache, A.; Marin, F.; Knox, J. W. (2016-07-01). "A sweet deal? Sugarcane, water and agricultural transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa". Global Environmental Change. 39: 181–194. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.003. ISSN 0959-3780.
  32. ^ "The Smoke Comes Every Year. Sugar Companies Say the Air Is Safe". ProPublica. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2025-02-23.

Further reading

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_production