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Pancratium (plant)

Pancratium
Pancratium maritimum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Genus: Pancratium
Dill. ex L.
Type species
Pancratium maritimum L.[1]
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Halmyra Herb.
  • Tiaranthus Herb.
  • Zouchia Raf.
  • Bollaea Parl.
  • Almyra Salisb.
  • Chapmanolirion Dinter
  • Mizonia A.Chev.

Pancratium is a genus of African and Eurasian perennial, herbaceous and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae[3][4][5]

Description

Pancratium triflorum flowering
Pancratium maritimum fruiting
Pancratium maritimum capsule fruits and seeds

Vegetative characteristics

Pancratium are perennial, bulbous, herbs[6] with long-necked bulbs[7] and linear or ligulate, basal, sessile leaves.[6]

Generative characteristics

The flowers are large, white and fragrant. The perianth tube and the corona are present. It differs from the similar Hymenocallis in its numerous seeds with a thin black skin.[8] The loculicidal capsule fruit[7] bears black, glossy seeds.[9]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 22.[10][11]

Taxonomy

It was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The lectotype species Pancratium maritimum L. was designated in 1918.[1] It is placed in the tribe Pancratieae.[12]

Etymology

The name Pancratium is derived from the Greek and means "all-strength", probably referring to the strength of a plant that can tolerate extreme climates. Pancratium species often inhabit extremely dry and sandy areas.[13]

Species

Many species have been published using the name Pancratium, but most have been transferred to other genera (Clinanthus, Hymenocallis, Ismene, Proiphys and Stenomesson).[2] Only a few species are cultivated. P. maritimum and P. illyricum being the hardiest for outdoor cultivation, but shy flowering in cool areas. P. zeylanicum is sometimes grown as a hothouse container plant.[citation needed]

As of June 2023, Plants of the World Online of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew accepted 24 species in the genus:[2]

Additionally, further species have been recently described:

Distribution

It is native to Africa, the Mediterranean, and Malesia. It has been introduced to the Azores, Bermuda, the Comoros, Great Britain, and the USA.[2]

Ecology

Brythis crini feeding on Pancratium maritimum within the leaf itself in Playa del Serradal, Castellón
The Convolvulus hawk moth Agrius convolvuli, an effective pollinator of Pancratium

Pollination ecology

Pancratium tenuifolium and Pancratium maritimum is pollinated by the moth species Agrius convolvuli.[16][17][18][19][20] In Pancratium maritimum pollination by bees, namely Xylocopa violacea, Apis mellifera, and Anthophora bimaculata, has also been reported.[20] However, it has been stated that bees are not effective pollinators of this species and that it fully depends on hawkmoths for effective pollination.[21]

Herbivory

The moth species Brithys crini feeds on Pancratium maritimum in the larval stage.[22]

Use

Horticulture

Pancratium zeylanicum is commonly cultivated in Asia.[23]

Cultural significance

Plants belonging to the genus Pancratium have been found in prehistoric Cretan frescoes.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-u). Pancratium L. Tropicos. Retrieved February 10, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40000386
  2. ^ a b c d "Pancratium Dill. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  3. ^ Stevens, P. F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae
  4. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Pancratium
  5. ^ El-Hadidy, Azza; Abd El-Ghani, Monier; Amer, Wafaa; Hassan, Rania (26 April 2011). "Systematic Revision of the Genus Pancratium L. (Amaryllidaceae) in Egypt with a New Addition". Nolulae Scientia Biologicae. 3 (2): 24–38. doi:10.15835/NSB325612.
  6. ^ a b Pancratium in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=123742
  7. ^ a b Dale W. McNeal 2012, Pancratium, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=9549, accessed on February 10, 2025.
  8. ^ Synge, P. M. (1961). Collins Guide to Bulbs. Collins. ISBN 0-00-214016-0.
  9. ^ Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. (2025). Flora of Mozambique: Genus page: Pancratium. https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/genus.php?genus_id=370, retrieved 10 February 2025
  10. ^ Oyewole, S. O. (1988). Karyotype Variation in Pancratium hirtum A. Chev. (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399475
  11. ^ Sharma, A. K., & Bal, A. K. (1956). A cytological study of a few genera of Amaryllidaceae with a view to find out the basis of their phylogeny. Cytologia, 21(4), 329-352.
  12. ^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2025. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=8788. Accessed 10 February 2025.
  13. ^ Walters, S. M. (1986). The European Garden Flora, Vol. 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae — Alismataceae to Iridaceae. ISBN 0-521-24859-0.
  14. ^ Snijman, D.A. & Victor, J.E. 2004. Pancratium tenuifolium Hochst. ex A.Rich. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2014.1. Accessed on 2015/04/07
  15. ^ Prameela, R., Padal, S. B., & Rao, M. S. (2022). A new species of Pancratium Dill. ex L.(Amaryllidaceae) from Eastern Ghats of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(3), 20801-20804.
  16. ^ Martins, D. J., & Johnson, S. D. (2013). "Interactions between hawkmoths and flowering plants in East Africa: polyphagy and evolutionary specialization in an ecological context." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110(1), 199-213.
  17. ^ Martins, D. J., & Johnson, S. D. (2007). "Hawkmoth pollination of aerangoid orchids in Kenya, with special reference to nectar sugar concentration gradients in the floral spurs." American journal of botany, 94(4), 650-659.
  18. ^ Furió-Vita, D., & Miñana, M. D. M. A. (2022). "Conceptualización del proyecto de El Bosque: Una experiencia concebida por capas: del pensamiento teórico a su representación visual." TECHNO REVIEW. International Technology, Science and Society Review/Revista Internacional de Tecnología, Ciencia y Sociedad, 11(2.2), 1-14.
  19. ^ Kwembeya, E. G. (2021). Tracking biological footprints of climate change using flowering phenology of the geophytes: Pancratium tenuifolium and Scadoxus multiflorus. International Journal of Biometeorology, 65(4), 577-586.
  20. ^ a b Kahraman, B. (2016). "İzmir ili Pancratıum maritimum L.(Amaryllidaceae)(Kum zambağı) popülasyonlarının belirlenmesi ve tozlaşma biyolojisi" (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  21. ^ Eisikowitch, D., & Galil, J. (1971). Effect of Wind on the Pollination of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) by Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 40(3), 673–678. https://doi.org/10.2307/3444
  22. ^ Zilli, A., PERIA, E., BALDI, G., & PAVESI, F. (2014). "The Macromoths of a coastal marsh habitat in Central Italy." Monitoring of rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) in Latium Lepidoptera italica.
  23. ^ Government of Singapore. (n.d.). Pancratium zeylanicum. NParks Flora & Fauna Web. Retrieved February 10, 2025, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2297
  24. ^ Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID 19264756.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancratium_(plant)