Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) also known as receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRIP1gene.[5][6]
Function
Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) is a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors. Also known as RIP140, this protein is a key regulator which modulates transcriptional activity of a variety of transcription factors, including the estrogen receptor.[7]
RIP140 has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism,[8] and regulates gene expression in metabolic tissues including heart,[9] skeletal muscle,[10] and liver.[11] A major role for RIP140 in adipose tissue is to block the expression of genes involved in energy dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling, including uncoupling protein 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b.[12]
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRa) can activate RIP140 during adipogenesis, by means of directly binding to an estrogen receptor element/ERR element and indirectly through Sp1 binding to the proximal promoter.[13]
RIP140 suppresses the expression of mitochondrial proteins succinate dehydrogenase complex b and CoxVb and acts as a negative regulator of glucose uptake in mice.[14]
Knockout studies
Knockout mice that completely lack the RIP140 molecule are lean and stay lean, even on a rich diet.[15]
Knockout mice (females) are also infertile because they fail to ovulate.[16] Failure of ovulation in these mice is caused by lack of cumulus expansion and altered expression of various genes, including amphiregulin, in ovarian follicles.[17][18]
Clinical significance
RIP140 is part of the chain by which tumors can cause cachexia.[19][20]
Levels of RIP140 expression in various tissues varies during aging in mice, suggesting changes in metabolic function.[21] RIP140 is implicated in certain human disease processes. In morbid obesity, RIP140 levels are down-regulated in visceral adipose tissue.[22] In breast cancer, RIP140 is involved in regulation of E2F1, an oncogene which discriminates between luminal and basal types of tumours. RIP140 has an influence upon cancer phenotype and prognosis.[23] In addition, RIP140 has a role in inflammation, since it acts as a coactivator for NFkappaB/RelA-dependent cytokine gene expression. Lack of RIP140 leads to an inhibition of proinflammatory pathways in macrophages.[24]
^Katsanis N, Ives JH, Groet J, Nizetic D, Fisher EM (Apr 1998). "Localisation of receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140) within 100 kb of D21S13 on 21q11, a gene-poor region of the human genome". Hum Genet. 102 (2): 221–3. doi:10.1007/s004390050682. PMID9521594. S2CID1042332.
^White R, Leonardsson G, Rosewell I, Ann Jacobs M, Milligan S, Parker M (Dec 2000). "The nuclear receptor co-repressor nrip1 (RIP140) is essential for female fertility". Nat. Med. 6 (12): 1368–74. doi:10.1038/82183. PMID11100122. S2CID20285964.
^Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Lizanzu A, Rodríguez A, Silva C, Rotellar F, Gil MJ, Cienfuegos JA, Salvador J, Frühbeck G (2009). "RIP140 gene and protein expression levels are downregulated in visceral adipose tissue in human morbid obesity". Obes Surg. 19 (6): 771–776. doi:10.1007/s11695-009-9834-6. PMID19367438. S2CID787869.
^Zschiedrich I, Hardeland U, Krones-Herzig A, Berriel DM, Vegiopoulos A, Müggenburg J, Sombroek D, Hofmann TG, Zawatzky R, Yu X, Gretz N, Christian M, White R, Parker MG, Herzig S (2008). "Coactivator function of RIP140 for NFkappaB/RelA-dependent cytokine gene expression". Blood. 112 (2): 264–276. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-121699. PMID18469200.
^Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID16189514. S2CID4427026.
^Mellgren G; Børud Bente; Hoang Tuyen; Yri Olav Erich; Fladeby Cathrine; Lien Ernst Asbjørn; Lund Johan (May 2003). "Characterization of receptor-interacting protein RIP140 in the regulation of SF-1 responsive target genes". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 203 (1–2): 91–103. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(03)00097-2. PMID12782406. S2CID733221.
Further reading
Detlav IE (1976). "[Anti-brain antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid following cranio-cerebral trauma]". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 76 (3): 344–8. PMID1266503.