This is a list of Austrian inventors and discoverers. The following list comprises people from Austria, and also people of predominantly Austrian heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.

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• Georg Joseph Beer, introducing a flap operation for treatment of cataracts (Beer's operation), as well as popularizing the instrument used to perform the surgery (Beer's knife).
• Günther Burstyn, co-inventor of the tank (independent from him William Tritton and Walter Gordon Wilson)

• Carl Cori (Nobel Prize), co-discovered Cori cycle.
• Gerty Cori (Nobel Prize), co-discovered Cori cycle.

• Carl Djerassi, inventor of birth control pills
• Christian Doppler, discoverer of the Doppler effect

• Paul Eisler, inventor of the printed circuit board.

• Otto Frenzl: aeronautical pioneer, developed the area rule in 1943, a design technique for airfoils used to reduce an aircraft's drag at transonic and supersonic speeds. Later it was independently developed again by Richard T. Whitcomb in 1952.
• Sigmund Freud: neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis
• Karl von Frisch: (Nobel Prize), one of the founders of modern ethology, studies on waggle dance
• Paul Fürst: inventor of the Mozartkugel

• David Gestetner, inventor of the Gestetner stencil duplicator.
• Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen, inventor of the Giesl ejector

• Friedrich Hayek (Nobel Prize), pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations.

• Victor Francis Hess (Nobel Prize), discovered cosmic ray.
• Ingeborg Hochmair, developed the first modern cochlear implant

• Eric Kandel (Nobel Prize), research on the physiological basis of memory storage in neurons.
• Viktor Kaplan, inventor of the Kaplan turbine.
• Wolfgang von Kempelen, inventor of The Turk, a chess-playing automaton and Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine.
• Walter Kohn (Nobel Prize) discovered Density functional theory
• Karl Kordesch, jointly co-inventor of Alkaline battery (together with Canadian Lewis Urry).
• Richard Kuhn (Nobel Prize), works on carotenoids and vitamins, co-discovered Soman

• Hedy Lamarr, co-invented, with composer George Antheil, an early technique for spread spectrum communications and frequency hopping.

• Karl Landsteiner (Nobel Prize) discovered the main blood groups, co-discovered with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor and co-discovered with Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper the polio virus.

• Konrad Lorenz (Nobel Prize) one of the founders of modern ethology

• Ferdinand Mannlicher, along with Scottish Canadian James Paris Lee, Mannlicher was particularly noted for inventing the en-bloc clip charger-loading magazine system.
• August Musger, inventor of slow motion.

• Wolfgang Pauli (Nobel Prize), discovered Pauli exclusion principle
• Max Perutz (Nobel Prize), co-discovered with John Kendrew in studies the structures of hemoglobin and globular proteins.
• Fritz Pregl (Nobel Prize), making important contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis, one of which was the improvement of the combustion train technique for elemental analysis.

• Edmund Rumpler, inventor of Rumpler Tropfenwagen

• Franz Sacher, inventor of Sachertorte
• Erwin Schrödinger, discovered Schrödinger equation
• Eduard Suess: discoveries in geology, continent Gondwana and Tethys Ocean was named by Suess
• Viktor Schauberger: discoveries in biomimicry, contributions to fluid mechanics, inventor of the trout turbine
• Stephan von Breuning, discoverer of many varieties of beetles, particularly those in the Cerambycidae family

• Gustav Tauschek, inventor of Drum memory

• Max Valier, performed the first test drive of a rocket car with liquid propulsion, the Valier-Heylandt Rak 7.

• Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Nobel Prize), discovered treatment of mental disease by inducing a fever, an approach known as pyrotherapy.

• List of Austrian Americans

Austrians have a history of aircraft and math