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User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Tekor

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Inscription

Inscription
at History Museum of Armenia (see exhibition and sign)
Rubbing (art) in Ghafandaryan

File:Տեկորի տաճարի արձանագրությունը, 480-ական թթ., ՀՊԹ.jpg

Michael E. Stone: I should say that the oldest Armenian inscription known before the Sinai discoveries was from the very end of the fi fth century. It was on a basilica in Tekor, now in the Kars province of Turkey. The inscription is lost, but photographs of it survive.2[1]

Armenian writing commenced only in the 5th century, and only one single inscription, from the church of Tekor, is known and dated on the basis of the historical personages mentioned to the end of the 5th century (Yosép'ian 1913: 5-6).[2][3]

As for the epigraphic evidence, few Armenian inscriptions survive from these early centuries. The oldest is the late fifth-century inscription of the Tekor basilica.[4]

Acharian, Hrachia (1984). Հայոց գրերը [The Armenian Letters] (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. 476. (archived) 

Անցնենք այժմ արձանագրություններին: Հայերեն ամենահին արձանագրությունը համարվում է Տեկորի եկեղեցու արևմտյան դռան բարավորի արձանագրությունը, որ հրատարակեց նախ Սարգսյան (Տեղագր. էջ 206) և հետո Ալիշանը (Շիրակ, էջ 132): Ալիշանն այս արձանագրությունը գնում է Ե դարից, ինչպես ընդունել են նաև բանասերներից շատերը: (Յուսիկ եպս., Արարատ 1892, էջ 879 համարում է է դարի սկզբից):

This inscription was the oldest known example of Armenian lettering and ran, unusually, from bottom to top.[5]

Տ-ի վրա պահպանված վիմագրերը հայկական գրերի (երկաթագիր) հնագույն նմուշներ են (5-րդ դ):[6]

Տեկորի տաճարը չափազանց արժեքավոր էր հայ մշակույթի համար և նրանով, որ հուշարձանի շինարարական արձանագրությունը, փորագրված Մեսրոպ Մաշտոցի մահվանից մոտ երեք տասնամյակ հետո, մեզ հասած հայերեն ամենահին գրությունն էր և հավաստի պատկերացում էր տալիս մեսրոպաստեղծ այբուբենի տառաձևերի մասին:[7]

Տեկորի Ս. Երրորդություն վանքի այս արձանագրությունը մեզ հասած հայերեն ամենահին գրությունն է և պատկերացում է տալիս մեսրոպյան այբուբենի նախնական տառաձևերի մասին:[8]

Greenwood, Timothy (2004). "A Corpus of Early Medieval Armenian Inscriptions". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 58: 27–91. doi:10.2307/3591380. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 3591380.

Greenwood, Tim (2008). "Sasanian Reflections in Armenian Sources" (PDF). Sasanika. School of Humanities, University of California, Irvine.

Elizabeth Redgate: The oldest known Armenian monumental inscription is fifth-century. It is now lost, so is known only through reports, photographs, and a cast that was made in 1912 and that is in Erevan. It was on a lintel on the west door of the church at Tekor (Digor), in north-east Armenia. The two lowest of its five lines record Sahak Kamsarakan’s building a martyrium of Saint Sergius. It was to intercede for himself and for his family (line 3). The upper three lines say that the place itself had been founded by five other people: Tayron, a priest of the monastery; Manon, a hazarapet; Uran, a Roman; Yohan, the Catholicos; and Yohan the bishop of the Arsharunik´ (Durand, Rapti and Giovannoni 2007:61-62). [Durand, J., Rapti, R., and Giovannoni, D. (eds.). (2007) Armenia Sacra: Mémoire chrétienne des Arméniens (IVe-XVIIIe siècle). Paris: Musée du Louvre.][9]

The church is dated back to the 5th century, around the 480s, due to the names mentioned in an inscription that has not survived to our time[10]

Stone, Michael E.; Kouymjian, Dickran; Lehmann, Henning (2002). Album of Armenian Paleography. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 87-7288-556-4. pp. 14-15


Architecture

Modern influence

The Soviet Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian was inspired by Tekor,[11] reinterpreting its design features in his major works, including the Government building[12][13] and the Yerevan Opera Theatre.[14]


Destruction and current state

Photos of Tekor by Garegin Hovsepian
from the northwest before the 1912 earthquake[17]
from the southwest after the 1912 earthquake[20]

The church survived largely intact until the early 20th century. It wad abandoned in 1906.[21] It suffered significant damage in an earthquake on August 1, 1912,[22][10][a] when its dome, most of the roof, and much of the southern façade collapsed.[5][23][8] Dickran Kouymjian wrote that even in ruins, Tekor was "still massive and impressive."[21] In August 1920,[26] just before the Turkish–Armenian War, Ashkharbek Kalantar led the last Armenian expedition to Tekor and documented its state.[27] He wrote that the collapsed church "presents a pitiful picture" and that the "image is so disturbing that at first one needs some time to recover from the shock."[26][5]

The church was further damaged by an earthquake on May 1, 1935[22][24][b] and was deliberately targeted by the Turkish military during artillery exercises in 1956.[29][30] The facing stones of what remained of the church were removed by the 1960s. Nicole and Jean-Michel Thierry, who visited in 1964, reported that the church was "almost entirely leveled" and it had lost all its facing stones.[31] An American couple photographed the ruins in 1966, showing its walls entirely stripped of facing stones.[32]

In 1964 the Thierrys did not notice "traces of reuse in modern houses" during their self-described "superficial" field work,[31] but according to Murad Hasratyan and Samvel Karapetyan, under Turkish control, its stones were gradually removed by local peasants and used as construction material.[8][15][c] Hasratyan noted that its polished and sculpted stones can be found in the walls of local houses and barns.[d] Steven Sim who visited in the 1980s, reported that according to locals, its facing stones were used in the 1960s for the construction of the Digor town hall, which was itself was demolished in the 1970s.[5] According to Kouymjian, upon his visit in 1999, "there were only fragments, chunks of masonry walls" remaining.[21] Sim argues that its present state is "mostly the work of man rather than earthquakes."[5]

According to art historian Karen Matevosyan, who visited in 2013, the ruins form part of a local Kurdish man's house.[33] A Turkish researcher wrote in 2020 that villagers store poultry and other belongings in the church's remnants.[34] An Armenian art historian, who visited in 2022 noted that the site is filled with litter.[35]

A Turkish survey in 2014 noted that the church has "reached our time in a dilapidated state, with some of its eastern and northern walls standing without facing stones". The survey drew its plan and section sketches, took measurements and photographs.[10] In October 2019, the Kars Regional Cultural Heritage Preservation Board (under the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism) decided to register the church as an immovable cultural property. It noted that the property is "currently in an unprotected state and is in quite a neglected condition." It indicated that only parts of the apse section and the northern body walls have survived.[36]

References

Notes
  1. ^ The date is erroneously given as 1911 in some sources,[6][23][8][24] while some sources erroneously state that the collapse was due to a lightning strike.[25][5]
  2. ^ The date is erroneously given as 1936 in some sources.[5][28]
  3. ^ "The monument itself was almost entirely destroyed after 1920, its revetment stones being appropriated as building material."[15]
  4. ^ «...հուշարձանից այսօր մնացել են պատերի կրաբետոնի միջուկի մի քանի կույտեր, իսկ սրբատաշ, վաղմիջնադարյան արվեստի բացառիկ քանդակներով քարերը կարելի է տեսնել մոտակա թուրքա-քրդաբնակ գյուղի տների և գոմերի պատերի շարվածքում:»[7]
Citations
  1. ^ Stone, Michael E. (Spring 2015). "The Rock Inscriptions and Graffiti Project of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem" (PDF). Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies. 1 (1). University of Hamburg Asien-Afrika-Institut: 52.
  2. ^ Stone, Michael E. (1982). "Sinai Armenian Inscriptions". The Biblical Archaeologist. 45 (1): 30.
  3. ^ Hovsepian, Garegin (1913). Գրչութեան արուեստը հին հայոց մէջ: Քարտէզ հայ հնագրութեան [The Art of Writing Among the Armenians: A Map of Armenian Palaeography] (PDF) (in Armenian). Vagharshapat: Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. p. 5, plate 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2022.
  4. ^ Terian, Abraham (1997). "Armenian". In Meyers, Eric M. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Volume 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 207-211.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference virtualani was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Hakobian2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Hasratyan2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference HasratyanEnc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2019). "Epigraphy in Tenth- and Eleventh-Century Armenia: Inscriptions as Bridges and Boundaries" (PDF). Armenian Folia Anglistika. 15 (2). Yerevan State University: 140. doi:10.46991/AFA/2019.15.2.135. ISSN 2579-3039.
  10. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference gov.tr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Harutyunyan, V. (February 1946). "Ալեքսանդր Թամանյան [Alexander Tamanian]" (PDF). Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly (in Armenian) (2). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad: 41. ISSN 0131-6834.
  12. ^ Dolukhanyan, V. (1970). "Երևանի Լենինի անվան հրապարակը". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 25 (4): 20–21. Ալ. Թամանյանն իր ստեղծագործություններում (Կառավարական տուն) նորովի է մեկնաբանում սյունաշարը (օրդեր)՝ օգտվելով Տեկորի տաճարի ընձեռած հարուստ ճնարավորություններից. Կառավարական տան ճարտարապետությունում սյունաշարն (օրդեր) ունի նոր հնչեղություն, որ ներկայացված է երկու ձգված սյուներով ու նրանց մեջ ներգծված եռանիստ խորշով, որ պսակված են նուրբ զարդաքանդակված խոյակով: (archived PDF)
  13. ^ "Government Building History". gov.am. Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Elements of Medieval Armenian architecture and monumental sculpture were used by the author of decorative designs (Tekor, Dvin).
  14. ^ Mikayelyan, Ruzanna (2018). "Հայ միջնադարյան ճարտարապետության ավանդույթների արտացոլումը ազգային նեոդասականության (թամանյանական ոճի) մեջ [The Manifestation of Traditions of Armenian Medieval Architecture in National Neoclassical (Tamanian) Style]". Middle East: History, politics, culture. XIII. Armenian Academy of Sciences: 74. ISSN 1829-0833. Օպերայի շենքի երկրորդ հարկի շքապատշգամբի սյունաշարային տարրերն ազդված են Տեկորի (V-VI-րդ դարերի գմբեթավոր եռանավ բազիլիկ) եկեղեցու շքամուտքի ճարտարապետական ձևերից: (PDF)
  15. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference RAA2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference RAA2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ [15][16]
  18. ^ "Утерянное наследие Западной Армении: монастырь Хцконк и Текорская базилика". armmuseum.ru (in Russian). Armenian Museum of Moscow and Culture of Nations. July 2, 2020. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Текорская базилика. Фотограф Г. Овсепян, 1912. Музей истории Армении
  19. ^ "Տեկորի տաճարը". treasury.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2022.
  20. ^ [15][18][19]
  21. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Kouymjian2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AsatryanAravot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference MnatsakanianEnc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference csufresno was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fetvadjian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kalantar was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ "Աշխարհբեկ Քալանթար". ysu.am (in Armenian). Yerevan State University. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023.
  28. ^ Şeker & Özkaynak 2022, p. 40.
  29. ^ Kouymjian, Dickran (1985). "The Destruction of Armenian Historical Monuments as a Continuation of the Turkish Policy of Genocide". In Libaridian, Gerard (ed.). The Crime of Silence: Permanent Peoples' Tribunal. London: Zed Books. p. 174. ISBN 0-86232-424-6. Subsequent, but conscious, destruction of individual monuments by dynamite or artillery. Churches provided convenient targets for artillery practice during manoeuvres of the Turkish army in the east. The best known examples: the basilica of Tekor (4th-5th century)...
  30. ^ Karapetyan, S. G. (2015). "Genocide after the Genocide" (PDF). Fundamental Armenology. 1. Armenian National Academy of Sciences: 4. ISSN 1829-4618. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-10. In 1956 the church of Tekor became the target of the Turkish army during artillery exercises.
  31. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Thierry1965 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ The photos were published in a 1972 book on Armenian monuments («Հայկական ճարտարապետութեան յուշարձաններ»), see interview with Yervant Pamboukian. "Պատմաբան Երուանդ Փամպուքեան` Տեկորի Եւ Խձկոնքի Եկեղեցիներուն Մասին". Aztag (in Armenian). September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
  33. ^ Matevosyan, Karen (October 26, 2017). "Տեկորի տաճարի ... նկարները ես եմ արել 2013-ին". Facebook (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. ...կարելի է ասել` տաճարի տեղում (որը մի քրդի տան բակ է)...
  34. ^ Ezen, Recep (2020). "Seyyahların Gözüyle Karşı Gravürleri [Engravings of Kars through the Eyes of Travelers]" (PDF) (in Turkish). Kastamonu University. pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (Master's Thesis) on 6 November 2023. Bugün de kalıntılar köylülerin kümes ve eşyalarını koyacağı bir yer haline gelmiştir.
  35. ^ Shalunts, Narine (7 August 2022). "Տեկորի տաճարի արժեքի մասին շատ եմ խոսում դասերիս ժամանակ". Facebook (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Տեսարանը հնարավորինս տխուր էր, պատերի վրա գրեթե ոչ մի սրբատաշ քար չէր մնացել, քրդական ամենազազրելի տեսքով խրճիթները մխրճված էին տաճարի մեջ, տարածքն էլ աղբանոցի էր վերածված:
  36. ^ "Karar [Decision] 16.10.2019-2588" (PDF). korumakurullari.ktb.gov.tr (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism Kars Regional Cultural Heritage Preservation Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2023.
Quelle: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Tekor