^[ʋ] is an allophone of /v/ in onset consonant clusters such as /kv/ and /tv/.
^/ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Afrikaans; it occurs only in loanwords like gholf or as an allophone of /χ/ at the end of suffixed root nouns or adjectives when both preceded by a short vowel + R cluster and followed by a schwa.
^[æ] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /ɛ/ that appears before /l/, /r/, /x/ and /k/, especially in the northern parts of South Africa (former Transvaal and Free State). In other regions, predominantly the Cape Provinces, this is not the case. Also, this allophonic phenomenon is largely absent in the Afrikaans as spoken by most coloured speakers, irrespective of geographic region (Wissing (2016)).
^[æː] is not a phoneme, but an allophone of /ɛ/. When followed by /r/, /ɛ/ is both lengthened and lowered by speakers in some regions (Wissing (2016)).
^/ə/ appears both as a stressed vowel, as in vis, and as an unstressed vowel, as in hemel. In unstressed positions, vowels are frequently reduced to schwa, as the first vowel in vanaand.
^ abcAs phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in spieël and koeël, respectively. In other cases, [iː] and [uː] occur as allophones of /i/ and /u/ before /r/. /y/ is also lengthened to [yː] before /r/ (Donaldson (1993:4–6)).
Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993). "1. Pronunciation". A Grammar of Afrikaans. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–35. ISBN 978-3-11-0134261. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
Lass, Roger (1987). "Intradiphthongal Dependencies". In Anderson, John; Durand, Jaques (eds.). Explorations in Dependency Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland. pp. 109–131. ISBN 9067652970. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
