Cirsium waldsteinii
| Cirsium waldsteinii | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Cirsium |
| Species: | C. waldsteinii |
| Binomial name | |
| Cirsium waldsteinii Ruoy | |
| Synonyms | |
Synonymy
| |
Cirsium waldsteinii, the Waldstein's thistle or East Carpathian thistle, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Asteraceae.[3] It is closely related to C. greimleri, which was recently split from it. It is a tall herbaceous plant with nodding purple flowers growing in high montane to subalpine habitats on exposed acidic slopes. It is native to Eastern Europe, and specifically the Carpathians.[3] As a tetraploid species, it does not hybridise readily.
Distribution
It is found in the East[4] and South[5] Carpathians.[6][7] A complete map was published in 2018.[1]: 111
Description
Taproots thick with many branching rootlets.[8]
Plants grow to a height of 50-150[-200] cm.[6] Stems are simple or have few branches.[6] Up to 6 pedicels.[8] Growth is erect but nodding below the capitula.[6] Leaves grow all along the stem.[6]
Basal leaves are [8.1-]9.0-26.1[-28.7] cm wide and [1.3-]1.4-2.2[-2.8] cm longer than wide in mature specimens.[1] Their morphology ranges from ovate, to orbicular,[6] to deltate especially in younger leaves. Peduncular leaves amplexicaul, often auriculate.[8] Their pinnate lobes are doubly serrate, with weak spinules up to 2 mm situated at the edges,[6] pubescent above and arachnoid-lanate below.[6]
Flowers are capitula, each with 3-8 flowers.[9][6] Involucre[a] dimensions are [15-]17-23 × 15-22 mm at flowering.[6] Individual bracts bracts flare out from the bud, with distinct vittae, the outer and inner bracts being distinguished by the presence and absence, respectively, of a visible spine.[6] Involucres are greenish purple to brownish purple.[1]
Corolla length is [14.5-]15.3-21.9[-23.1] mm.[1] At full anthesis, corollae average greyish violet, but can be purple to greyish violet or darker (the latter overlapping with C. greimleri). During fading, corollae average deep magenta or greyish violet, but can also be lighter to darker shades of greyish magenta.[1] All colour values are given in the Methuen system.[10]
Strongly anemochorous, its fruits contain [3.8-]4.2-5.3[-5.8] cm. achenes attached to [14.0-]14.3-19.8[-20.4] mm pappi.[6][1]
Micromorphology
Stomatal guard cells are [16.6-]20.9[-27.9] μm long and [5.0-]8.9[-15.3]μm wide.[1]
Lookalikes
No close lookalikes are coterminous, but a number of species can be difficult to distinguish from it:
- Cirsium greimleri Bureš is genetically close and almost identical in appearance. In the field, the main distinguishing traits are lobe depth and flower colour. Although their basal leaves are roughly equal in width, the cauline leaves of C. waldsteinii are significantly wider, though the significantly deeper lobes of the latter may create the appearance of narrowness. The corollae of C. waldsteinii are lighter in colour at any given stage, with little overlap in hue after opening (though both can be greyish violet at full bloom). This comparison must be made between flowers of roughly equal stage. Its stems below the capitula are completely covered, whereas those of C. waldsteinii show some green.[1]
- C. hypoleucum DC.. The leaves of C. hypoleucum, sometimes resembling C. greimleri more than C. waldsteinii,[1] are white-tomentose beneath, in contrast to the greyish-arachnoid leaves of C. waldsteinii. The involucral bracts of C. waldsteinii gradually become longer inward. The involucres of C. hypoleucum differ markedly in colour from those of C. waldsteinii,[11] and the involucres themselves are narrower. The idumentum of subcapitular stem is sparser.[1]
- Cirsium hypoleucum DC.. The leaves of C. hypoleucum are white-tomentose beneath, in contrast to the greyish-arachnoid leaves of C. waldsteinii. The involucral bracts of C. waldsteinii gradually become longer inward. The involucres of C. hypoleucum differ markedly in colour from those of C. waldsteinii.[11]
- Cirsium oblongifolium K.Koch. It has longer, more oblong leaves. Even the undersides of the leaves are glabrous. Glabrous undersides are also characteristic of the similar-looking species Cirsium pseudopersonata Boiss. & Balansa and Cirsium sychnosanthum Petr..[11]
- Cirsium uliginosum (M.Bieb.) Fisch.
Life cycle
Perennial.[6]
Reproduction
Flowering is from mid June to mid July, to late July or even September[12] at sites of higher shade or altitude.[1]
Plants are gynodioecious.[1][13]
The smaller size of female achenes relative to hermaphrodite achenes in this species is unusual.[1] Usually the reverse is the case, which has been explained as a compensation for the genetic disadvantage of females relative to hermaphrodites, and as a result of the absence of inbreeding depression.[14][15] Suggested explanations for the aberrance in C. greimleri and C. waldsteinii include larger achene count, higher germanation rates, and lower infestation with achene predators like the Tephritidae and Curculionidae.[1]
Hybridisation
C. waldsteinii is a tetraploid species with sporophytic chromosome number 2n=4x=68,[16] without variation.[1] Its somatic nuclear DNA size is [3534-]3682[-3932] Mbp.[1]
As a tetraploid in a diploid dominated genus, it does not hybridise readily, similar to C. vulgare. But it has not achieved full reproductive isolation.[1]
The following hybrids have been reported:
- C. eristhales × waldsteinii Bureš (a few herb. specimens from Făgăraș Mountains and Călimani Mountains)[1]
- C. palustre × waldsteinii Nyár. (1 herb. specimen from the Lopushanka River valley near Yasinia, 1 report from Hoverla)[1][17]
- C. rivulare × waldsteinii Schur[1][18]
Habitat
It is a subalpine species.[12]
Prefers damp and shady places. It is a calcifuge species.[6]
Grows on forest meadows, clearings, and edges.[19] But also above the treeline, among scrubs and on talus.[12]
Taxonomy
Internally, C. waldsteinii populations are less genetically distinct from one another than C. greimleri populations, whose intrapopulation diversity however is lower than C. greimleri.[1]: 110 The low interpopulation diversity could have more to do with interspecific hybridisation, but it could also be solely the result of two effects of tetraploidy: one which slows genetic drift, and another which homogenises migrating populations more effectively such as during recolonisation following the Last Glacial Period. The high intrapopulation diversity of C. waldsteinii could be thanks to differences in the severity of glaciation between the Alps and the Carpathians.[1]: 128
Externally, C. waldsteinii was grouped with C. eristhales over C. greimleri in a 2023 paper, but the phylogeny was based on genome size, GC content, achene length, and guard cell length, rather than genetics.[20]
Taxonomic history
Its holotype, kept at the Herbarium Kitaibelianum on sheet XXVIII, No. 123, was collected by Pál Kitaibel near Pietrosul Rodnei in the Rodna Mountains on 6 August 1796.[1]
C. waldsteinii was first described as Cnicus pauciflorus by Kitaibel and von Waldstein,[8] swiftly accepted by Willdenow.[9]
C. greimleri was considered part of C. waldsteinii until 2018.[1]
Early descriptions:
- Nyman, Carl Fredrik (1878–1882). "C. pauciflorum". Conspectus florae Europaeae, seu enumeratio methodica plantarum phanerogamarum europae indigenarum, indicatio distributionis geographicae singularum. Vol. 2. p. 408.
C. pauciflorum Spr. — Carn. Croat. Hung. Banat. Transs. Galic. Bucov. Serb. Bosn. Herceg.(r.). Etiam Cephal. m. Oenos sec. Rchb. f. Sec. cl. Naegeli hybr. est (C. Eristhali heterophyllum). — C. helenioides Bmg. * C. ambiguum K. (non All.) Cnicus ambigus Schleich. cat. 1807. Tyrol. etc.
- Sprengel, Philipp Carl (1826). "Cirsium pauciflorum". Systema vegetabilium. Vol. 3 (16th ed.). pp. 375–376.
C. foliis amplis ovatis angulato-denttis ciliato-ſerratis ſcabris, inferioribus petiolatis baſi auriculatis, ſuperioribus amplexiculibus, pedunculis elongatis 3floris, ſquamis anthodii glutinoſi patulis. Hungaria.
- Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1805). "Carduus". Synopsis plantarum, seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum. Vol. 2. pp. 384–390.
Carduus pauciflorus, fol. amplexicaulibus ovatis sublyratis ciliato-serratis scabris, radicalibus lyratis, flor. glomeratis, squamis calycinis lanceolatis interiorib. patulis. ... Hab. in montib. Hungariae, sylvis arenosis. Pedunc. terminalis subbiflorus. Fol. maxima. Flor. purpurei. ♂
- Willdenow, Carl Ludwig (1803). "Cnicus pauciflorus". Caroli a Linné species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 3, 3 (5th ed.). p. 1677.
C. foliis amplexicaulibus ovatis ſublyratis ciliato-ſerratis ſcabris, radicalibus lyratis, floribus glomeratis, calycinis ſquamis lanceolatis interioribus patulis. W. Cnicus pauciflorus. Waldſt. et Kitaib. pl. rar. hung. Wenigblumes Kratzkraut. W. Habitat in montibus Hungarie. ♂ (v. ſ.) Folia ſcabra ſubtus pallidiora, ciliato-ſerrata, radicalia pedalia ovato-oblonga lata ſubſinuata lyrata; caulina oblongo-ovata lata baſi attenuata iterumque dilatata amplexicaulia. Caulis ſuperne nudus et in apice floribus tribus vel quatuor glomeratis inſiructus. W.
- Kitaibel, Pál; von Waldstein, Franz de Paula Adam Norbert Wenzel Ludwig Valentin (1803). "Cnicus pauciflorus". Descriptiones et icones plantarum rariorum Hungariae. Vol. 2. pp. 175–176.
CNICUS PAUCIFLORUS. Cnicus foliis margine lobatis, ſpinuloſis, ſuperioribus amplexicaulibus, inferiorum petiolis baſi auriculta amplexantibus; pedunculo terminali ſubbifloro, cernuo. RADIX perennis, e corpore craſſo radices plurimas ramoſiſſimas, ſpithamaeas aut pedales, calamum craſſitie aequantes, pallide fuscas emittens. CAULIS ſolitarius, erectus, 4-6 pedalis, digitum auricularem, nonnunquam etiam indicem craſſitie aequans, obtuſe angularus et ſtriatus, angulis ſtriisque pallidis, pilis brevibus albis praeſertim baſi, qua purpurascit, hirſutus, unaque arachnoideo-lanatus, plerumque ſimpliciſſimus, nonnunquam tamen ex axillis foliorum ſuperiorum unum alterumve pedunculum pro ramis proferens, medullam albam fiſtuloſam ſeu tubo perviam continens. Folia maxima, ſaepe ſesqui-pede longiora, ſpithamam latiora, inaequaliter ſerrata, ſpinulis ſubſetaceis, inaequalibus, pallidis, majoribus baſi atro-rubentibus, ciliata, plana, ſupra ſubnuda, coſta et venis ab hac excurrentibus albidis, ſubtus arachnoideo-lanata, albida, coſtis et venis piloſis: radicalia et caulina inferiora petiolata, ſubovata, ſinuata, aut ſinuato-lobata; caulina reliqua integra, pauca, hinc valde remota, oblongo-ovata, inaequaliter laciniata, amplexicaulia, ſenſim minora et magis integra. Petioli ſaepe ſpithamaei, baſi purpurei, carinati, albo-hirſuti, margine ſpinulis inaequalibus, atropurpureis, apice albidis armati, caulini baſi auriculata amplexicaules. FLORES plerumque duo, raro unicus aut tres, in pedunculo elongato, in quem caulis terminatur, ſubſeſſiles, ſubcontigui, cernui, laterales minores, folio ſub-lanceolato, inaequaliter laciniato, acuminato, ſeſſili ſlipati. Pedunculus terminalis teres, ſtriatus, arachnoideo-laatus, verſus flores lana alba denſiore adpreſſa tectus; axillares, cum adſunt, ſimiles, ſpithamaei aut plusquam pedales, aphylli, uniflori. CALX ovatus, atropurpureus, nudus, glutinoſus: ſquamis lineari-ſubulatis, apice patentibus, ſubinermibus. FLOSCULI hermaphroditi, aequales, calyce prope duplo longiores. Corolulae purpureae: tubo albo, limbo 5-fido: laciniis linearibus, apice craſſisculo, velut in cucullum connaato, tamen acuto terminatis. FILAMENTA hirſuta, fuscescentia, baſi nuda, alba, corollulae tubo adnata. Antherae caeruleo-violaceae, in tubulum ſubangulatum connatae. GERMEN ovatum, albidum, nitidum; ſtylus filiformis, longiſſimus, baſi albus, ſuperne purpureus; ſtigma ſimplex, ad ſtylum incraſſatum, profundis purpureum. SEMEN oblongo-ovatum, nitidum, pallide fuscum, ſtriatum. Pappus ſeſſilis, longus, plumoſus, albus. RECEPTACULUM hirtu pilis longis fuscescentibus. Habitat in ſylvis aceroſis Comitatus Marmaroſienſis ſub alpe Petroſa ad Borſam. Floret Auguſto. Huic ſimilem reperimus in palude Comitatus Szathmarienſis, quam Hungari Etſeci Láp nominant, caule foliisque ſubnudis, his oblique adnatis, floribus erectis et antheris albidis diverſum, quae notae, an conſlantes ſint, nondum per culturam explorare licuit. CIRSIUM pyrenaicum All. ped. t. 12. huic noſtrae plantae affine eſt; ſed differt floribus erectis; foliis pinnatifidis et decurrentibus, qualia tamen pictor non expreſſit, verum auctor T. I. p. 165. n. 549. deſcripſit.
Ecology
Associated with low density spruce forests.[19]
See also
Notes
- ^ In sensu Asteraceae.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Bureš, Petr; Knoll, Aleš; Michálková, Ester; Šmarda, Petr; Šmerda, Jakub; Vavrinec, Martin (2018-05-09). "Cirsium greimleri: a new species of thistle endemic to the Eastern Alps and Dinarides". Preslia. 90 (2): 105–134. eISSN 2570-950X.
- ^ GBIF (2024). "Cirsium waldsteinii Ruoy Occurrence Download". Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
- ^ a b "Cirsium waldsteinii Ruoy | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
- ^
- Mirek, Zbigniew; Piękoś-Mirkowa, Halina; Zając, Adam; Zając, Maria (2020). Rośliny naczyniowe Polski: Adnotowany wykaz gatunków [Vascular plants of Poland: An annotated checklist]. ISBN 978-83-62975-45-7.
- Mirek, Zbigniew; Piękoś-Mirkowa, Halina; Zając, Adam; Zając, Maria (2002). Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland: A checklist. Biodiversity of Poland. Vol. 1. ISBN 83-85444-83-1.
- L. Mosyakin, Sergei; Fedoronchuk, Mykola M. (1999). Vascular plants of Ukraine: A nomenclatural checklist. ISBN 966-02-1336-0.
- Николаевич Прокудин, Юрий, ed. (1999). Определитель высших растений Украины.
- Marhold, Karol; Hindák, František (1998). Zoznam nižších a vyšších rastlín Slovenska. ISBN 80-224-0526-4.
- Mirek, Zbigniew (1995). Krytyczna lista roślin naczyniowych Polski [Vascular plants of Poland: A checklist]. Polish botanical studies. ISBN 8385444386.
- Николаевич Цвелёв, Николай (1994). "Род 100. Бодяк — Cirsium Mill.". Флора Европейской части СССР. Vol. 7. pp. 235–247. ISBN 5-02-026726-0.
- Dostál, Josef (1992). Veľký kľúč na určovanie vyšších rastlín. Vol. 2. ISBN 80-08-00003-1.
- Dostál, Josef (1989). Nová květena CSSR. Vol. 2. ISBN 80-200-0095-X.
- Николаевич Прокудин, Юрий, ed. (1987). Определитель высших растений Украины.
- Лукьяновна Харадзе, Анна (2001) [originally published 1963 in Russian]. "Cirsium". Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Socialisticarum Sovieticarum. Vol. 28. Translated by Dhote, A. K. pp. 51–213. ISBN 9781886106451.
- Dostál, Josef (1950). Květena ČSR.
- ^
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Werner, Klaus (1976). "Cirsium Miller". Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. pp. 232–242. ISBN 0-521-08717-1.
- ^ Greuter, Werner (2006–2024). "Cirsium waldsteinii". Euro+Med PlantBase.
- ^ a b c d Kitaibel, Pál; von Waldstein, Franz de Paula Adam Norbert Wenzel Ludwig Valentin (1803). "Cnicus pauciflorus". Descriptiones et icones plantarum rariorum Hungariae. Vol. 2. pp. 175–176.
- ^ a b Willdenow, Carl Ludwig (1803). "Cnicus pauciflorus". Caroli a Linné species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 3, 3 (5th ed.). p. 1677.
- ^ Kornerup, Ann-Mari; Wanscher, J. H. (1989). Methuen Handbook of Colour. ISBN 0413334007.
- ^ a b c Лукьяновна Харадзе, Анна (2001) [originally published 1963 in Russian]. "Cirsium". Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Socialisticarum Sovieticarum. Vol. 28. Translated by Dhote, A. K. Springfield: Science publishers. pp. 51–213. ISBN 9781886106451.
- ^ a b c Лукьяновна Харадзе, Анна (2001) [originally published 1963 in Russian]. "Cirsium". Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Socialisticarum Sovieticarum. Vol. 28. Translated by Dhote, A. K. pp. 51–213. ISBN 9781886106451.
- ^ Николаевич Годин, Владимир (2020-01-05). "Распространение гинодиэции у цветковых растений" [Distribution of Gynodioecy in Flowering Plants]. Ботанический журнал. 105 (3): 236–252. eISSN 2658-6339.
- ^ Shykoff, Jacqui A.; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Collin, Carine L.; López-Villavicencio, Manuela (2003-02-11). "Effects of male sterility on reproductive traits in gynodioecious plants: a meta-analysis". Oecologia. 135: 1–9. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-1133-z. ISSN 0029-8549.
- ^ Billard, Emmanuelle; Dufay, Mathilde (2011-03-31). "How much better are females? The occurrence of female advantage, its proximal causes and its variation within and among gynodioecious species". Annals of Botany. 109 (3): 505–519. eISSN 1095-8290.
- ^
- Г. Пашук, Х. (1987). "Хромосомные числа видов растений Черногоры" [Chromosome numbers in species of subalpine belt of Chernogora (Ukrainian Carpathians)]. Ботанический журнал. 72 (8): 1069–1074. ISSN 0006-8136.
- Frey, Ludwik; Mizianty, Marta (1973). "Chromosome number of some vascular plants in the Western Bieszczady Mts (South-eastern Poland)". Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica Polonica. 19: 265–270. ISSN 1640-629X.
- Czapik, Romana (1958). "Badania kariologiczne nad polskimi gatunkami rodzaju Cirsium Mill. em. Scop" [Karyological studies in species of Cirsium Mill. em. Scop. occuring in Poland]. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 27 (3): 483–489. ISSN 0001-6977.
- ^ Nyárády 1964
- ^ Schur 1885
- ^ a b Николаевич Цвелёв, Николай (1994). "Род 100. Бодяк — Cirsium Mill.". Флора Европейской части СССР. Vol. 7. pp. 235–247. ISBN 5-02-026726-0.
- ^ Bureš, Petr; et al. (2023-02-27). "Evolution of genome size and GC content in the tribe Carduinae (Asteraceae): rare descending dysploidy and polyploidy, limited environmental control and strong phylogenetic signal". Preslia. 95 (1): 185–213. eISSN 2570-950X.