Woccon language
| Woccon | |
|---|---|
| Waccamaw | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | North Carolina |
| Ethnicity | Waccamaw[1] |
| Extinct | early 18th century |
| Revival | 2000s |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xwc |
xwc | |
| Glottolog | wocc1242 |
| Linguasphere | 64-ABA-aa |
 Original distribution of the Woccon language | |
Woccon was one of two Catawban (also known as Eastern Siouan) languages of what is now the Eastern United States. Together with the Western Siouan languages, they formed the Siouan language family. It is attested only in a vocabulary of 143 words, printed in a 1709 compilation by English colonist John Lawson of Carolina.[2] The Woccon people that Lawson encountered have been considered by scholars to have been a late subdivision of the Waccamaw.[1]
The Woccon are believed to have been decimated as a people during the Tuscarora War in the Carolinas with English colonists in 1713. Survivors were likely absorbed into the Tuscarora, an Iroquoian-speaking people. Most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York, settling with the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy by 1722 and being accepted as the sixth. Under these pressures, the Woccon language is believed to have become extinct in the eighteenth century. Some descendants of partial Woccon ancestry survive in the Southeast as well as Canada, where the Six Nations of the Iroquois migrated after the American Revolutionary War. [3]
In 2021 the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages assisted the Cape Fear Band of Skarure and Woccon Indians in North Carolina to build a 'Living Dictionary' for Woccon as part of an effort to revive the language.[4] This group is not state-recognized or federally recognized as being descended from the Cape Fear, Tuscarora, or the Waccamaw.[5][6][7]
Lexicon
Some lexical items in the Woccon language are presented below.
| Woccon | English |
|---|---|
| atter | Swan |
| aucummato | I remember it |
| auhaun | Goose |
| auher | Raccon skin |
| caure | Dead |
| coosauk | Peas |
| cose | Corn |
| cotsau | Spoon |
| cotsoo | Bowl |
| cutaune | That’s all |
| ejau | Water |
| ekoocromon | Bag |
| eppesyau | a louse |
| erroco | peak |
| hannatockore | Fox skin |
| homine | Grits |
| hooheh | Pine tree |
| iketau | Beard |
| intom | Tobacco pipe |
| intome-poshwa | Hat |
| ish-shto | Six |
| ishewounaup | a cubit length |
| itte teraugh | Hard or heavy |
| itto | Moss |
| katitchhei | Thief |
| kittape | Tomorrow |
| matt-teer | Flints |
| monwittetau | Alligator |
| mothei | Give it to me |
| nam-mee | Three |
| nau hou hoore ene | I sell you goods very cheap |
| nommewarraup u | Swine |
| nommis-shau | Seven |
| noonkosho | Gun lock |
| noppinjure | Cow |
| num-perre | Two |
| nupshau | Eight |
| ouke | House |
| ourka | Bear skin |
| poppe | Head |
| punnum-punne | Four |
| quauke | Will you go along with me |
| rauhau | Dressed skin |
| reheshiawa | Afraid |
| rhooeyau | a flap |
| roamore | King |
| rockcumne | Mad |
| roo-iune | Blankets |
| roocheha | Angry |
| rooe-pau | Garden tool |
| rooeso possoo | Stockings |
| rooeyam | Gunpowder |
| rooeyaukitte | Breeches (britches, trousers that go to the knee |
| rookeppa | Basket |
| roosemme | Soft |
| rum-¥up | She |
| rumminshau | Goat |
| rummissauwoune | Buttom |
| sacketoome possma | Comb |
| sauhau | Let it alone |
| sek | Lightwood |
| soccon | Mink |
| soone-nomme | Twelve |
| soone-noponne | Ten |
| soppe | Feather |
| soppepepor | a mat |
| tacca-pitteneer | shirt |
| tau-unta winnik | Axe |
| tauh-he | Dog |
| teep | Raw skin undressed |
| tire kiro | Wolf |
| tockoor | Scissors and tobacco |
| tonne | One |
| tonne hauk pea | Eleven |
| tontarinte | How many |
| too-she | Smoke |
| trawhe | Rope |
| tumme | Hair |
| uu-coone | Tobacco |
| watt | Canoe |
| wattape | gourd or bottle |
| wattapi untakeer | Star |
| wattau | Panther skin |
| wauk | Potatoes |
| waukhaway | Day |
| waurepa | I’m sick |
| waurraupa | White |
| wawawa | Snow |
| webtau | Five |
| wee | Knife |
| wee-keshoo | Shoes |
| week | Shot |
| week-kau | Bell |
| weekwonne | Reed |
| weetipsa | Fishgig (a fish spear having two or more prongs) |
| weihere | Nine |
| welka | Duck |
| wetkes | Otter |
| whooyeonne | Paint |
| winnop | twenty |
| wintsohore | Englishman |
| wisto | Fawn skin |
| wittapare | Sun or moon |
| wittape | Gun |
| wonsh-shee | Needle |
| wunneau | Crab |
| yacunne | Fish |
| yantoha | Night |
| yau-hauk | Snake |
| yauh | Path |
| yauka | a little while ago |
| yauta | Turkey |
| yawowa | Rain |
| yecanau | Wife |
| yehau | Sqirrel skin |
| yendare | Fat |
| yenwetoa | Horse |
| yenxauhe | Brother |
| yicau | Old women |
| ynpyupseunne | rundlet (a small barrel that contains a certain amount of liquid) |
| yonne | Peaches |
| yopoonitsa | Box |
| yottoha | Yesterday |
| yuncor | Wind |
| yuppa me | Go you |
| ¥ah-teshtea | Black |
| ¥au | Fire |
| ¥auta | Red |
References
- ^ a b Swanton, John Reed (2003). The Indian tribes of North America. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co. pp. 90, 100. ISBN 9780806317304.
- ^ Lawson, John (1709). “A vocabulary of Woccon”, in A New Voyage to Carolina; Containing the Exact Description and Natural History of That Country: Together with the Present State Thereof. And a Journal of a Thousand Miles, Travel’d Thro’ Several Nations of Indians. Giving a Particular Account of Their Customs, Manners, &c. View online.
- ^ Carter, R. (1980). "The Woccon Language of North Carolina: Its Genetic Affiliations and Historical Significance", in International Journal of American Linguistics, Volume 46, Number 3. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/465652?journalCode=ijal
- ^ "Collaboration with the Skarure Woccon to develop the first-ever Woccon Living Dictionary". Living Tongue Institute. 16 October 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
- ^ "NC Tribal Communities". ncadmin.nc.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "About NC Native Communities". American Indian Center. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". federalregister.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
Further reading
- Rudes, B.A. (2000). "Resurrecting coastal Catawban: The reconstituted phonology and morphology of the Woccon language". Southern Journal of Linguistics 24: 228-244.
- Woccon Living Dictionary (2021). Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. https://livingdictionaries.app/woccon