Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a single red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.^[1][2]

Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than twelve hours.^[3] The joint at the base of the big toe is affected in half of cases.^[4]

It may also result in tophi, kidney stones, or other kidney problems.^[3]

Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.^[3][2]

This occurs from a combination of diet, other health problems, and genetic factors.^[3][2] At high levels, uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissues, resulting in an attack of gout.^[3]

Gout occurs more commonly in those who regularly eat meat or seafood, drink beer, or are overweight.^[3][5]

Diagnosis of gout may be confirmed by the presence of crystals in the joint fluid or in a deposit outside the joint.^[3] Blood uric acid levels may be normal during an attack.^[3]

Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, or colchicine improves symptoms.^[3][2][6]

Once the acute attack subsides, levels of uric acid can be lowered via lifestyle changes or allopurinol.^[3] Taking vitamin C and eating a diet high in low-fat dairy products may be preventive.^[7]

Gout affects about 1 to 2% of the Western population at some point in their lives.^[3] It has become more common in recent decades.^[3]

Older males are most commonly affected.^[3]

Gout was historically known as "the disease of kings" or "rich man's disease"^[3][8] and has been recognized since at least the time of the ancient Egyptians.^[3]