Vaginal microbicide
| Vaginal microbicide | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Gynecology |
A vaginal microbicide is a microbicide for vaginal use, generally as protection against the contraction of a sexually transmitted infection during vaginal sexual intercourse. Vaginal microbicides are topical gels or creams inserted into the vagina.
Target market
Researchers have investigated who has interest in using a vaginal microbicide. Condoms are highly effective in preventing the transmission of infection, but worldwide, the decision to use condoms is more often a decision made by males than females.[1] A vaginal microbicide which could prevent sexual transmission of infection would further empower women to influence the result of their sexual encounters.[1] The demographic interested in using the produce included women with the following characteristics:[2]
- have previously had a sexually transmitted infection
- have a sexual partner who had another sexual partner in the past year
- minority group
- low income
- unmarried and not cohabiting
- no steady sexual partner
The number of women interested in using such a product has been characterized as being significant enough to merit product development and marketing.[2]
Characteristics
The ideal vaginal microbicide would have the following characteristics: provide protection against infection not require application at the time of intercourse not harm the natural tissue[3] As of 2009, not harming natural tissue was the most troublesome aspect of development.[3]
For HIV
Studies for using vaginal microbicides for HIV treatment rapidly increased through 2011 to 2013 due mostly to the observation that antiretroviral drugs designed for HIV treatment sometimes also achieve preexposure prophylaxis and significantly reduced HIV risks.[4] Several unrelated chemical mechanisms have been proposed for vaginal microbicides treating HIV.[1] One obstacle to effective research is that trials may involve social harms for trial participants, although one 2019 study found these social harms to be relatively small.[5] There is also often a self-reporting bias in condom and vaginal microbicide use in trials, suggesting the need for vaginal applicator staining to confirm whether the vaginal microbicides were effectively applied.[6]
Surfactants
The first vaginal microbicide studied was nonoxynol-9, which acted as a surfactant.[1]
Blocking HIV binding
PRO 2000, carrageenan, and cellulose sulphate have been studied as microbicides to block HIV binding.[1]
Topical antiretrovirals
Tenofovir has been studied as a topical antiretroviral.[1] One example of a tenofovir study is CAPRISA 004 in 2010, finding its use reduced HIV infection risk by 39% overall.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f Weber, J.; Desai, K.; Darbyshire, J.; Microbicides Development Programme (2005). "The Development of Vaginal Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV Transmission". PLOS Medicine. 2 (5): e142. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020142. PMC 1140953. PMID 15916473.
- ^ a b Darroch, Jacqueline E.; Jennifer J. Frost (January–February 1998). "Women's Interest in Vaginal Microbicides". Family Planning Perspectives. 31 (1): 16–23. doi:10.2307/2991552. JSTOR 2991552. PMID 10029928. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ^ a b Laurence, Jeffery; Johnston, Rowena (19 February 2009). "The Promise of an Effective Vaginal Microbicide". amfar.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
- ^ a b Stone, Alan B.; Harrison, Polly F.; Lusti-Narasimhan, Manjula (2013-09-10). "Microbicides from a regulatory perspective". AIDS. 27 (14): 2261–2269. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836239b4. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 23612007.
- ^ Montgomery, Elizabeth T.; Roberts, Sarah T.; Nel, Annalene; Malherbe, Mariette; Torjesen, Kristine; Bunge, Katherine; Singh, Devika; Baeten, Jared M.; Marrazzo, Jeanne; Chirenje, Z. Mike; Kabwigu, Samuel; Beigi, Richard; Riddler, Sharon A.; Gaffour, Zakir; Reddy, Krishnaveni (2019-11-15). "Social harms in female-initiated HIV prevention method research: state of the evidence". AIDS. 33 (14): 2237–2244. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002346. ISSN 0269-9370. PMC 6832829. PMID 31408030.
- ^ Mauck, Christine K.; Schwartz, Jill L. (2012). "Dyeing to Know: The Use of Vaginal Applicator Staining and Other Techniques to Assess Adherence to Product Use in Microbicide Trials". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 39 (9): 713–715. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318264f6b0. ISSN 0148-5717. JSTOR 44981930. PMID 22902668.