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The name Biblia pauperum is not exactly a book title but was applied to this type of document by Gerard Meerman in 1765,[1] replacing old designations such as Historiae et Vaticinia Veteris Testamenti or Typos et Antitypos Veteris et Novi Testamenti.[2]
Scenes
The scenes and prophecies present in the older manuscripts are more variable. In the blockbook versions, the number of scenes from the New Testament usually are 34, 40 or 50. The accompaning prophecies from de Old Testament may varies also. The list below contains the scenes present in the 50 leaves version of the Bibliothèque nationale de France:[3]
- 1. Birth of the Virgin Mary
- 2. Betrothal of the Virgin Mary to Joseph
- 3. Annunciation
- 4. Visitation
- 5. Nativity
- 6. Circumcision of Christ
- 7. Adoration of the Magi
- 8. Presentation in the Temple
- 9. Flight into Egypt
- 10. Fall of the Idols in Egypt
- 11. Massacre of the Innocents
- 12. Return of the Holy Family from Egypt
- 13. Baptism of Christ
- 14. Temptation of Christ
- 15. Raising of Lazarus
- 16. Transfiguration
- 17. Mary Magdalene anointing Christ's feet
- 18. Christ weeping over Jerusalem
- 19. Entry into Jerusalem
- 20. Expulsion of the money-changers
- 21. Judas offerring to betray Christ
- 22. Judas receives the thirty pieces of silver
- 23. Last Supper
- 24. Christ goes with Peter, James and John to Gethsemani
- 25. Agony in the Garden
- 26. Betrayal of Christ
- 27. Buffeting of Christ
- 28. Flagellation of Christ
- 29. Crowning with thorns
- 30. Christ accused before Pilate
- 31. Carrying of the Cross
- 32. Christ being nailed to the Cross
- 33. Crucifixion
- 34. Piercing of Christ's side
- 35. Deposition of Christ
- 36. Lamentation of Christ
- 37. Entombment of Christ
- 38. Harrowing of Hell
- 39. Resurrection
- 40. The holy women at the sepulchre
- 41. Christ appearing to Mary Magdalene (Noli me tangere)
- 42. Christ appearing to the Apostles (Pax vobis)
- 43. Incredulity of Thomas
- 44. Ascension of Christ
- 45. Pentecost
- 46. Coronation of the Virgin
- 47. Last Judgement
- 48. Hell (sinners dragged into hell)
- 49. Heaven (Abraham's bosom)
- 50. The faithful receive the Crown of Eternal Life
Groups
The different versions of Biblia pauperum can be classified in the following main groups, with some exemples indicated.
- Manuscript families[4]
- Weimar group
- German narrative type
- Text version A
- Text version B
- Text version C
- Munich-London group
- Austrian group
- Western group
- Kremsmünster group
- Xylographic editions[5]
- Dutch editions in Latin with 40 sheets
- First group
- Edition I - British Museum exemplar, "C.1"
- Edition II -
- Edition III - British Museum exemplar, "C.3"; Bodleian Library exemplar, "Douce 248"
- Second group
- Edition IV - Library of Congress exemplar, "Incun. X .B562"
- Edition V -
- Edition VI -
- Edition VII -
- Third group
- Edition VIII -
- Edition IX -
- Fourth group
- Edition X -
- First group
- German edition in Latin with 34 sheets (xylo-chirographic edition, with manuscript text and woodcut illustrations)
- Bibliotheca Palatina unique exemplar, "Cod. Pal. germ. 438"
- German editions in German language with 40 sheets
- Walthern 1470 edition
- Sporer 1471 edition
- Dutch edition in Latin with 50 sheets
- BnF unique exemplar, "Xylo-5"
- Italian edition in Italian language with 120 sheets (but with 40 scenes)
- Bodleian Library exemplar, "Douce B 148"
- Dutch editions in Latin with 40 sheets
- Typographic editions (with typographic text and woodcut illustrations)
- Pfister 1460s edition
- Vérard 1504 edition
Selected originals
In chronological order:
| Institution | Document code | Author | Title[6] | Place of publication | Publisher | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany, Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek | Cod. Guelf. 35a Helmst. | - | Biblia pauperum | Austria | - | 1340-1350 | Manuscript; 36 scenes |
| Austria, Salzburg, Saint Peter's Abbey | Codex a IX 12 | - | Biblia pauperum | Austria, Salzburg | - | 1370-1380 | Manuscript; 36 scenes[7] |
| UK, London, British Library | Kings MS 5 | - | Biblia pauperum or Golden Pauper's Bible | Netherlands | - | 1395-1400 | Manuscript; 31 scenes |
| Austria, Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek | Cod. 1198 | - | Biblia pauperum | Austria, Klosterneuburg | - | 14th century | Manuscript; 34 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Clm 8201 | - | Mettener Armenbibel or Biblia pauperum | Germany, Metten | - | 1414 | Manuscript; 34 scenes |
| Germany, Heidelberg, Bibliotheca Palatina | Cod. Pal. germ. 148 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Bayern, Eichstätt | - | 1430-1450 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| USA, New York, The Morgan Library & Museum | MS M.230 | - | Biblia pauperum | Austria | - | ca. 1435 | Manuscript; 48 scenes |
| Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica | Pal.lat.871 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | Mid-15th century | Manuscript; 33 scenes |
| Germany, Heidelberg, Bibliotheca Palatina | Cod. Pal. germ. 438 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, East Central Germany | - | 1455/1458 | Manuscript text and woodcut illustrations; 34 scenes |
| UK, London, British Museum | C.1 (= D.1) | - | Biblia pauperum | Netherlands | - | 1460-1470 | Blockbook; 38 scenes (and 2 missing)[8] |
| UK, Oxford, Bodleian Library | Douce 248 | - | Biblia pauperum | Netherlands | - | 1460-1463 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| UK, Glasgow, Hunterian Library | Sp Coll Hunterian Ds.2.4 | - | Biblia Pauperum or Legit[ur] in genesi .iij. cap[itul]o q[uod] dixit d[omi]n[us] serpenti super pect[us] tuu[m] gradier[is] ... | Netherlands | - | ca. 1460 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| UK, Manchester, John Rylands Library | 9402; ISTC ib00652700; GW 4325 |
- | Ysaias. Sich ein iu[n]gfrau wirt enpfahe[n] vn[d] wirt gepern ein sun | Germany, Bamberg | Albrecht Pfister | ca. 1462 | Incunable; typographic text and woodcut illustrations; 34 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | BSB-Ink: B-502 (Rar. 4); ISTC ib00652750; GW 4326 |
- | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Bamberg | Albrecht Pfister | ca. 1462-1463 | Incunable; typographic text and woodcut illustrations; 33 scenes (and 1 missing) |
| UK, Oxford, Bodleian Library | Bod-inc. BB-6 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1465-1475 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Netherlands, The Hague, Rijksmuseum Meermanno Westreenianum | RMMW, 10 A 15 | Rambures Master | Biblia pauperum | France, Hesdin or Amiens | - | ca. 1470 | Manuscript; 38 scenes |
| USA, Washington, D.C., Library of Congress | Incun. X .B562 | - | Biblia pauperum | Netherlands or Germany | - | ca. 1470 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Xylogr. 21 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Nördlingen | Friedrich Walthern and Hans Hurning | 1470 | Blockbook |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Xylogr. 8 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Nürnberg | Hans Sporer | 1471 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Xylogr. 26 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Nürnberg | Hans Sporer | 1471 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Xylogr. 25 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Nürnberg | Hans Sporer | 1471 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| USA, Princeton, Scheide Library | Inc. 3 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Nuremberg | Hans Spoerer | 1471 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Italy, Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze | Pal. 25.3.3.23; ISTC in00103500 |
Nicolas de Hanapis[9] | Biblia pauperum[10] | Italy, Venice | Georg Walch | ca. 1480 | Incunable; only texts |
| France, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale[11] | Xylo-5 | - | Biblia pauperum | Netherlands | - | 1480 - 1485 | Blockbook; 50 scenes[3] |
| France, Bibliothèque nationale | A-1399 | - | Les figures du vieil testament et du nouveau | France, Paris | Antoine Vérard | 1504 | Typographic text and woodcut illustrations; 40 scenes |
| Germany, Heidelberg, Bibliotheca Palatina | Cod. Pal. germ. 59 | - | Biblia pauperum | Switzerland | - | 1518 | Manuscript; 41 scenes[12] |
| UK, Oxford, Bodleian Library | Douce B 148 | - | Opera noua contemplatiua p[er] ogni fidel christiano laquale tratta de le figure del testamento vecchio: le quale figure sonno verificate nel testamento nuouo | Italy, Venice | Giovanni Andrea Valvassori | 1525-1531 | Blockbook; 40 scenes |
| Germany, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek | Hdschr. 405 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 15th century | Manuscript; fragments |
| Germany, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek | Mgf 1362 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1350 | Manuscript; 34 scenes |
| Germany, Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek | Memb. I 54 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1464 | Manuscript; 33 scenes |
| Germany, Heidelberg, Bibliotheca Palatina | Cod. Pal. germ. 34 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 15th century | Blockbook; 33 scenes |
| Germany, Heidelberg, Bibliotheca Palatina | Cpg 148 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1430-1450 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Jena, Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek | Ms. El. f. 51b | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1462 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek | Ms. 1676 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1350-1360 | Manuscript; fragment |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Cgm 20 | - | Armenbibel in 41 Darstellungen | Germany | - | 1360-1370 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Cgm 155 | - | Armenbibel in 48 Darstellungen | Austria, Salzburg | - | ca. 1450 | Manuscript; 48 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Cgm 297 | - | Armenbibel | Germany | - | 15th century | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Cgm 341 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Bayern | - | End of 14th century | Manuscript; 37 scenes |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Cgm 5250/60 | - | Armenbibel | Germany | - | 14th century | Manuscript; fragment |
| Germany, Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek | Clm 28141 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 15th century | Manuscript; 47 scenes |
| USA, New York, Public Library | Spencer Coll. MS. 31 | - | Biblia pauperum | Italy | - | ca. 1470 | Manuscript; 38 scenes |
| USA, New York, Public Library | Spencer Coll. MS. 35 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany | - | 1440 - 1460 | Manuscript; 38 scenes |
| Czech Republic, Prague, National Museum | Cod. XVI A 6 | - | Speculum humanae salvationis | Germany, Augsburg | - | 1481 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek | Cod. Fol. max. 4 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany, Erfurt | - | 14th century | Manuscript |
| Austria, Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek | Cod. 3085 | - | Biblia pauperum | Germany or Austria | - | 1475 | Manuscript; 41 scenes |
| Germany, Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek | Cod. Guelf. 69.6a Aug. 2° | - | Deutsche Armenbibel | Germany | - | 15 century | Manuscript; 43 scenes |
| Institution | Document code | - | Biblia pauperum | Place of publication | Publisher | Year | Notes |
| Institution | Document code | - | Biblia pauperum | Place of publication | Publisher | Year | Notes |
Xylos
- https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10929171?page=27 -
- https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10929171?page=490 -
Manuscripts
■ Berlin, Staatl. Museen - Kupferstichkabinett, Cim. 5
■ Dresden, Landesbibl., Mscr. P 30
■ Graz, Landesarchiv, Hs. 3 https://kdih.badw.de/datenbank/handschrift/16/0/3
■ Konstanz, Rosgartenmuseum, Hs. 4 https://kdih.badw.de/datenbank/handschrift/16/0/8
□ Kopenhagen, Königl. Bibl., GKS Cod. 1377,4° https://kdih.badw.de/datenbank/handschrift/16/0/7
■ Moritzburg, Schlossbibl., ohne Sign. https://kdih.badw.de/datenbank/handschrift/16/0/10
■ München, Staatsbibl., Cgm 3974 https://kdih.badw.de/datenbank/handschrift/16/0/15
Further reading
- Berjeau, J. P. (1859). Biblia Pauperum: reproduced in facsimile, from one of the copies in the British Museum with an historical and bibliographical introduction. London: J. Russell Smith.
- Camesina, A.; Heider. G. (1863). Die Darstellungen der Biblia Pauperum in einer Handschrift des XIV. Jahrhunderts: aufbewahrt im Stifte St. Florian im Erzherzogtume Oesterreich ob der Enns. Wien: Prandel & Ewald.
- Cornell, Henrik (1925). Biblia Pauperum. Stockholm: Thule-Tryck.
- Dyrness, William A. (2004). Reformed Theology and Visual Culture. The Protestant Imagination from Calvin to Edwards. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-54073-5.
- Ehwald, R. (1906). Biblia Pauperum. Deutsche Ausgabe von 1471. Weimar: Gesellschaft der Bibliophilen.
- Einsle, A.; Schönbrunner, J. (1890). Biblia Pauperum. Facsimile-Reproduction, getreu nach dem in der Erzherzoglich Albrecht'schen Kunst-Sammlung "Albertina" befindlichen Exemplar. Wien: Hartleben.
- Engelhardt, Hans (1927). Der theologische Gehalt der Biblia Pauperum. Straßburg: Heitz.
- Forstner, Karl (1969). Die Salzburger Armenbibel. Codex a IX 12 aus der Erzabtei St. Peter zu Salzburg. Salzburg/München: Pustet Verlag.
- Friedemann-Soller, Margarethe (1921). Die münchener Handschriften der Biblia Pauperum. Erfurt.
- Heesen, Anke te (2002). "Within the Tradition of the Biblical Image (pp. 65ff.)". The World in a Box. The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-32286-5.
- Heitz, Paul; Schreiber, W. L. (1903). Biblia pauperum: Nach dem einzigen Exemplare in 50 Darstellungen (früher in Wolfenbüttel, jetzt in der Bibliothèque nationale). Strassburg.
- Henry, Avril (1987). Biblia Paupeum: A Facsimile and Edition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Biblia Pauperum". In: Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Kristeller, P. (1906). Biblia pauperum: Unicum der Heidelberger Universitäts-Bibliothek, in 34 Lichtdrucktafeln und 4 Tafeln in Farbenlichtdruck. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer.
- Laib, Pfarrer; Schwarz, Franz Joseph (1867). Biblia Pauperum nach dem Original in der Lyceumsbibliothek zu Constanz. Zürich: Leo Würl, 1867.
- Manning, Tamara (2001). The Internet Biblia Pauperum. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
- Ott, Norbert H. (1996) "Biblia pauperum". In: Katalog der deutschsprachigen illustrierten Handschriften des Mittelalters. Vol. 2. München: Bodemann, p. 249−255.
- Schmidt, Gerhard (1959). Die Armenbibeln des XIV. Jahrhunderts. Köln: Graz.
- Schreiber, Wilhelm Ludwig (1929). Manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois et sur métal au XVe siècle, Tome 4, Contenant un catalogue des livres xylographiques et xylo-chirographiques indiquant les différences de toutes les éditions existantes, avec des notes critiques bibliographiques et iconologiques. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. [See p. 1-113].
- Soltész, Elisabeth (1967). Biblia Pauperum. Die vierzigblättrige Armenbibel in der Bibliothek der Erzdiözese Esztergom. Berlin: Union Verlag.
- Sotheby, S. L. (1858). Principia Typographica. The Block-Books, or Xylographic Delineations of Scripture History. Volume III. London: Walter McDowall. p. 162-186.
- Unwin Brothers (1885). Biblia Pauperum. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son.
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Biblia Pauperum". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Meerman, Gerard (1765). Origines typographicae. Hagae Comitum: Nicolaum Van Daalen.
- ^ Berjeau, J. P. (1859), p. 4.
- ^ a b Identification of scenes and prophets of Xylo-5: Warburg Institute.
- ^ Ott (1996).
- ^ Schreiber (1929), p. 1-113.
- ^ Most titles listed here are in fact designations attributed by the libraries, not original titles
- ^ Facsimiled by Forstner (1969).
- ^ The BM has another versions, copies and fragments, e.g. C.2 (= D.2); see Willshire (1879, p. 173), Dodgson (1903, p. 209). There is a facsimile of one of these copies by Berjeau (1859).
- ^ The Biblia pauperum here attributed to Bonaventura is a shortened version of de Nicolas de Hanapis's Virtutum vitiorumque exempla, more generally called Exempla sacrae Scripturae. See ISTC, in00103500.
- ^ Despite of the attributed title and related thematic, this work is not in fact a Biblia pauperum in the sense used by scholars. See Berjeau, J. P. (1859), p. 4.
- ^ Formerly in Germany, Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek.
- ^ Identification of scenes and prophets of Cod. Pal. germ. 59: Emaus, 2009.