Hello! I'm an undergraduate student at Rice University interested in synthetic biology and urbanism. I hope to contribute to those sections of Wikipedia.

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1.    15-Minute City

a.    This article is currently a stub (one sentence long). I have an interest in urban planning and urban spaces, and I have some academic background in the area, albeit from the anthropological side of things.  I think, given the ongoing conversation about urban space that has emerged in part due to the pandemic, and that multiple cities are currently attempting to implement the 15-minute city model, this is an article that be expanded significantly.

b.    References

Balletto, Ginevra, Mara Ladu, Alessandra Milesi, and Giuseppe Borruso. 2021. “A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective.” Sustainability 13 (2): 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020593.

O’Sullivan, Feargus. 2020. “It’s Time for the ‘15-Minute City,’” February 18, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-18/paris-mayor-pledges-a-greener-15-minute-city.

Bliss, Laura and O’Sullivan, Feargus. 2020. “The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning’s New Utopia,” November 12, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-12/paris-s-15-minute-city-could-be-coming-to-an-urban-area-near-you.

Capasso Da Silva, Denise, David A. King, and Shea Lemar. 2020. “Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal.” Sustainability 12 (1): 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010129.

Davidson, Justin. 2020. “The 15-Minute City: Can New York Be More Like Paris?” Intelligencer. July 17, 2020. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/the-15-minute-city-can-new-york-be-more-like-paris.html.

Yeung, Peter. 2021.“How ‘15-Minute Cities’ Will Change the Way We Socialise - BBC Worklife.” January 4^th, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201214-how-15-minute-cities-will-change-the-way-we-socialise.

Moreno, Carlos, Zaheer Allam, Didier Chabaud, Catherine Gall, and Florent Pratlong. 2021. “Introducing the ‘15-Minute City’: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities.” Smart Cities 4 (1): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010006.

Willsher, Kim. “Paris Mayor Unveils ‘15-Minute City’ Plan in Re-Election Campaign.” 2020. The Guardian. February 7, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/paris-mayor-unveils-15-minute-city-plan-in-re-election-campaign.

“Planning and Practice of a 15-Minute Community Living Circle in Shanghai Guided by Promoting Implementation--《Shanghai Urban Planning Review》2018年02期.” n.d. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HCSG201802017.htm.

Pozoukidou, Georgia, and Zoi Chatziyiannaki. 2021. “15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia.” Sustainability 13 (2): 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020928.

Whittle, Natalie. 2020. “Welcome to the 15-Minute City.” July 17, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/c1a53744-90d5-4560-9e3f-17ce06aba69a.

2.    Freeway removal

a.    Similar to the interests outlined above, I think that this would be a good article to expand on, as the recently-confirmed Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg has named this as one of the policies he would pursue. In addition, the history of freeway construction and resident opposition would mirror well the ongoing process in Houston with the I-45 expansion (NHHIP). Furthermore, the expansion of highways in cities, specifically in inner cities/downtowns has a history that is intertwined with residential segregation and racism, a history that is missing from this page.

b.    References

Begley, Dug. 2019. “Massive I-45 Rebuild Has Big Opposition to Overcome, from Air Quality to Flooding to Low-Income Housing Displacements.” Houston Chronicle. June 14, 2019. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/transportation/article/Massive-I-45-project-will-remake-Houston-freeway-13999092.php.

Billings, Jason, Norman W Garrick, and Nicholas E Lownes. 2013. “Changes in Travel Patterns Due to Freeway Teardown for Three North American Case Studies.” URBAN DESIGN International18 (2): 165–81. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2012.35.

“Houston Traffic: The $7 Billion Solution to Gridlock Is More Highways - Curbed.” n.d. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://archive.curbed.com/2019/8/5/20754435/houston-traffic-highway-i-45-north-txdot.

“How Urban Highway Removal Is Changing Our Cities.” n.d. LILP. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/articles/2020-03-deconstruction-ahead-urban-highway-removal-changing-cities.

Khalaj, Fahimeh, Dorina Pojani, Neil Sipe, and Jonathan Corcoran. 2020. “Why Are Cities Removing Their Freeways? A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Transport Reviews 40 (5): 557–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1743919.

Kraft-Klehm, Jessica. 2015. “21st Century Futurama: Contemplating Removal of Urban Freeways in the World of Tomorrow.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 49: 205.

Napolitan, Francesca, and P. Christopher Zegras. 2008. “Shifting Urban Priorities?: Removal of Inner City Freeways in the United States.” Transportation Research Record 2046 (1): 68–75. https://doi.org/10.3141/2046-09.

“Senate Considering $10B for Highway Removal.” 2021. Streetsblog USA (blog). January 11, 2021. https://usa.streetsblog.org/2021/01/11/senate-considering-10b-highway-removal-bill/.

“Tearing Down a Freeway Isn’t Always an Easy Win.” n.d. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/tearing-down-a-freeway-isnt-always-an-easy-win.

“Urban Highway Removals Could Get Federal Help - Bloomberg.” n.d. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-01/urban-highway-removals-could-get-federal-help.

Jkolli (talk) 08:28, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

Baby Bonds

My planned changes are:

Rewrite lead

Contents:

1. Background

1.1 Racial Wealth Gap (link to Wealth inequality in US and Racial Equality in US)

1.1.1 Explanations (this would include conventional explanations and Darity & Hamilton’s findings)

1.2 Reparations (link to Reparations)

2. Proposed Plans

2.1 Darity and Hamilton Proposal

2.2 American Opportunity Accounts Act

3. Implications

4. See also

A]    Rewrite lead

As the article is currently a stub, a new introduction needs to be written. I plan to explain the concept as originally coined by Darity and Hamilton in their 2010 paper, as well as the updated financial projections from Zewde’s 2019 paper.

References:

Hamilton, Darrick, and William Darity. “Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?” The Review of Black Political Economy 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1. This article coined the term and contains the initial proposal.

Zewde, Naomi. “Universal Baby Bonds Reduce Black-White Wealth Inequality, Progressively Raise Net Worth of All Young Adults.” The Review of Black Political Economy 47, no. 1 (2019): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644619885321. This article is the most recent analysis of the proposed economic impact of baby bonds.

[B and C]  1.1 Racial Wealth Gap and 1.1.1 Explanations

This section will address the reasoning behind the idea of reparations and baby bonds. This will provide historical and economic context for the proposal, and precede the sections on reparations and the proposed policies.

References:

Craemer, Thomas, Trevor Smith, Brianna Harrison, Trevon Logan, Wesley Bellamy, and William Darity. “Wealth Implications of Slavery and Racial Discrimination for African American Descendants of the Enslaved.” The Review of Black Political Economy 47, no. 3 (2020): 218–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620926516. This article explores the effect of slavery and racial discrimination on the racial wealth gap.

Hamilton, Darrick, and William Darity. “Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?” The Review of Black Political Economy 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1. This article coined the term and contains the initial proposal.

Hamilton, Darrick, and William A. Darity. “The Political Economy of Education, Financial Literacy, and the Racial Wealth Gap.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 99, no. 1 (2017): 59–76. https://doi.org/10.20955/r.2017.59-76. This article examines the racial wealth gap.

[D]   1.2 Reparations

This section will address the idea of reparations and the history of it in American politics and elsewhere. This will provide historical and economic context for the proposal, and precede the section on the proposed policies. This section will also address the existing debate surrounding reparations and current discussions, such as H.R. 40 and maybe opinion polls on the issue.

References:

Hamilton, Darrick, and William Darity. “Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?” The Review of Black Political Economy 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1. This article coined the term and contains the initial proposal.

Darity, William A., and A. Kirsten Mullen. From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020. This book lays out a roadmap for why and how to implement reparations.

[E]    2.1 Darity and Hamilton

This section will address Darity and Hamilton’s baby bond proposal in its most recent iteration, while citing the initial projections and how they changed over time. This will be a detailed section with subheadings to indicate different parts of the proposal and argument.

References:

Hamilton, Darrick, and William Darity. “Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?” The Review of Black Political Economy 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-010-9063-1. This article coined the term and contains the initial proposal.

Cassidy, Christa, Rachel Heydemann, Anne Price, Nathaniel Unah, and William Darity. “Baby Bonds: A Universal Path to Ensure the Next Generation Has the Capital to Thrive.” Insight. Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University, December 2019. https://insightcced.org/baby-bonds-a-universal-path-to-ensure-the-next-generation-has-the-capital-to-thrive/. This article is a more recent baby bonds proposal one of the authors of the original paper.

[F]    2.2 American Opportunity Accounts Act

This section will address the policy proposed by Senator Cory Booker and Representative Ayanna Pressley, while citing the initial projections and how they changed over time. This will be a detailed section with subheadings to indicate different parts of the proposal and argument.

References:

Booker, Pressley Reintroduce "Baby Bonds" Legislation to Combat Wealth Inequality. U.S. Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey, July 26, 2019. https://www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-pressley-reintroduce-and-ldquobaby-bonds-and-rdquo-legislation-to-combat-wealth-inequality. This is a press release about the AOAA, which was the version of baby bonds introduced in the 115th Congress.

American Opportunity Accounts Act. Bill, Congress.gov § (2018). https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3766/text. This is the bill text of the AOAA.

[G]   3. Implications

This section will look at potential social and economic impacts. Zewde’s 2019 study will be cited and discussed, as well as similar projections from Darity and Hamilton. This section will also include current news articles surrounding the proposal.

References:

Cassidy, Christa, Rachel Heydemann, Anne Price, Nathaniel Unah, and William Darity. “Baby Bonds: A Universal Path to Ensure the Next Generation Has the Capital to Thrive.” Insight. Samuel Dubois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University, December 2019. https://insightcced.org/baby-bonds-a-universal-path-to-ensure-the-next-generation-has-the-capital-to-thrive/. This article is a more recent baby bonds proposal one of the authors of the original paper.

Gambino, Lauren. “Calls for Reparations Are Growing Louder. How Is the US Responding?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, June 20, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests. This is a recent article detailing the current conversation on reparations.

Zewde, Naomi. “Universal Baby Bonds Reduce Black-White Wealth Inequality, Progressively Raise Net Worth of All Young Adults.” The Review of Black Political Economy 47, no. 1 (2019): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644619885321. This article is the most recent analysis of the proposed economic impact of baby bonds.

Jkolli (talk) 02:24, 30 September 2020 (UTC)