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Pluribus is a computer poker player developed by Facebook and Carnegie Mellon University. It is known for being the first program controlled by artificial intelligence to defeat professional poker players in a multiplayer game.[1]
Development
Pluribus was developed by Noam Brown, a researcher at Facebook's artificial intelligence lab, and Tuomas Sandholm, a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University.[2] Pluribus is an updated version of Carnegie Mellon's earlier poker bot Libratus, and, like Libratus, was trained by playing against copies of itself.[2][1] Pluribus is powered by a 64-core server with less than 512 gigabytes of RAM. The resources used to run Pluribus cost under US$150.[3]
Testing
In a twelve-day test performed in 2019, Pluribus played 10,000 hands of Texas hold 'em against multiple teams of five professional poker players. These teams were selected from a pool that included two World Series of Poker Main Event winners and ten professional players.[1] Assuming that each poker chip was worth $1, Pluribus netted approximately $1000 an hour while being tested.[1] Noam Brown stated that Pluribus's results are considered "a decisive margin of victory among poker professionals."[1]
Three tests were also performed where five copies of Pluribus played 5,000 hands of poker with one human. The humans participating in this test were professional players Chris Ferguson, Linus Loeliger and Darren Elias. A copy of Pluribus won these games as well.
Concerns
After Pluribus defeated multiple professional poker players, concerns were raised that the online poker industry would be damaged, as games would be dominated by robots rather than humans. Agreeing that Pluribus "could be very dangerous for the poker community," Facebook later announced that the algorithm would not be released due to these concerns.[4][5]
References
- ^ a b c d e Brown, Noam. "Facebook, Carnegie Mellon build first AI that beats pros in 6-player poker". Facebook Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ a b Simonite, Tom. "This New Poker Bot Can Beat Multiple Pros—at Once". Wired. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ Good, Owen S. "An unbeatable poker bot offers glimpses of video game AI's future 8". Polygon. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
- ^ Solly, Meilan. "This Poker-Playing A.I. Knows When to Hold 'Em and When to Fold 'Em". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ Knight, Will. "Facebook's new poker-playing AI could wreck the online poker industry—so it's not being released". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 31 December 2019.