Sprung cart
Sprung cart and unsprung cart are terms used mainly in Britain and Australia to denote a utilitarian type of two-wheeled horse-drawn cart, and indicating whether or not springs were used to support the body of the cart.
Overview
Unsprung vehicles, meaning without any springs, were simple sturdy two-wheeled vehicle used by roadmen, farmers and tradesmen. They would be used at slower speeds or carrying heavier loads, such as farm carts, those carrying coal or peat, and some heavy delivery vehicles. Farm wagons were usually unsprung, as were most of the freight and dray vehicles such as lorries and trollies.[1]: 79 A vehicle without springs was also called a dead axle.[2] The bandy of India is an unsprung cart.[2]: 11
Constructing with springs adds to the cost of the vehicle.[3]: 47 A vehicle would be sprung if it was to be used at faster speeds, carrying certain loads, or carrying passengers.[3]: 47 Milk floats were usually sprung.[2] The Australian spring cart was a simple cart designed for carrying goods and did not have seating for driver or passengers.[4] Two-wheeled carriages such as gigs and dogcarts were not usually referred to as "carts", though they would be described as "sprung".
Most of the utilitarian carts did not have a seat for the driver. The driver would either stand in the cart, sit on the load, or walk beside the horse.[5][6] In America, many vehicles had unsprung bodies, but instead were constructed with a sprung driving seat.[2]
Starting in the late-1700s in England, taxes were assessed on horses, wagons, carts, carriages and coaches. Conveyances with springs were taxed as luxury goods, while crude agricultural vehicles were taxed the least, leading to creative vehicle construction to avoid or lessen taxes. The so-called taxed cart was the cheapest and crudest of carts, rating the lowest possible taxed category; it was completely devoid of adornment, springs or cushions, and the owner was required to conspicuously paint their full name on the rear. Jane Austen used a donkey cart made as a miniature gig. Though it utilized springs, because it wasn't pulled by a horse or pony it was not taxed.[7][8]
See also
References
- ^ Berkebile, Donald H. (1978). Carriage Terminology: An Historical Dictionary. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ISBN 9781935623434. OL 33342342M.
- ^ a b c d Smith, D.J.M. (1988). A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0851314686. OL 11597864M.
- ^ a b Dennis, R. A. (1996). Guidelines for Design, Production and Testing of Animal-drawn Carts. Intermediate Technology Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-85339-338-9.
- ^ "Vehicle - Spring Cart, Late 19th to early 20th centuries". Victorian Collections. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "Charles Sutton Spring Cart". collectionswa.net.au. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "Powerhouse Collection - Spring cart used by Sydney Lambswool Supplies". collection.powerhouse.com.au. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ "Jane Austen, the Artful Tax Dodger". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
- ^ Jeffrey-Cook, John (2010). "William Pitt and his Taxes" (PDF). British Tax Review (4). Retrieved 21 March 2023.
Further reading
Histories of springs in horse-drawn vehicles:
- Beaufort, Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset (Duke of Beaufort) (1901). Driving. London: Longmans, Green and Company. OL 22878921M.
- Cantle, Gordon S. (October 2013). "Steel Spring Suspensions of Horse-Drawn Carriages circa 1760-1900, part 3". The Carriage Journal. Vol. 51, no. 5. Carriage Association of America. pp. 286–289.