Tutton's salt
Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice.[1] The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, caesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF42−), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42−)[2] or monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/a.[3] The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H2O)6]2+.
Examples and related compounds
Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6).[4] Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6.[5] In solids and solutions, the M'2+ ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H2O)6]2+.
Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".[6]
- Unit cell of ferrous ammonium sulfate (N is violet, O is red, S is orange, Fe is large red).
- The same structure with hydrogen bonding network highlighted.
History
Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.[7]
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.
Table of salts
M1 | M2 | formula | name | a Å | b Å | c Å | β° | V Å3 | colour | Nα | Nβ | Nγ | Biaxial | 2V | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Cd | K2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate[8] | ||||||||||||
Cs | Cd | Cs2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate[9] | ||||||||||||
NH4 | Cd | (NH4)2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate | 9.395 | 12.776 | 6.299 | 106°43' | 727.63 | colourless | l.486 | 1.488 | 1.494 | Biaxial(-f) | large[10] | density=2.05[11]
Slowly loses water in dry air.[12] |
K | Co | K2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[13] | Potassium cobaltous sulfate[14] | 6.151 | 9.061 | 12.207 | 104.8° | 657.78[15] | red | density=2.21 | |||||
Rb | Co | Rb2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate | 6.24 | 9.19 | 12.453 | 105.99° | 686.5[12] | ruby-red[16] | desnsity=2.56 | |||||
Cs | Co | Cs2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate | 9.318(1) | 12.826(3) | 6.3650(9) | 107.13(1)° | 727.0[17] | dark red | ||||||
NH4 | Co | (NH4)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[18] | Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate | 6.242 | 9.255 | 12.549 | 106.98° | 693.3[19] | purple[20] | density=1.89 | |||||
Tl | Co | Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate, | 9.227(1) | 12.437(2) | 6.220(1) | 106.40(1)° | 684.7 | light red[21] | ||||||
Tl | Co | Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 | dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate | 9.235(1) | 12.442(2) | 6.227(1) | 106.40(1)° | yellowish pink | 1.599 | 1.613 | 1.624 | biaxial(-) | medium large[22] | density=4.180 g/cm3 | |
Rb | Cr | Rb2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] | dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate | ||||||||||||
Cs | Cr | Cs2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] | dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate | ||||||||||||
ND4 | Cr | (ND4)2Cr(SO4)2 · 6 H2O[23] | dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate | bright blue, | formed from with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.[24] | ||||||||||
K | Cu | K2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | cyanochroite[14] | 9.27 | 12.44 | 6.30 | 104.47[25] | 663.0[25] | pale green blue | density=2.21[25] within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms[26] | |||||
Rb | Cu | Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate | 9.267 | 12.366 | 6.228 | 105°19' | 686.8 | brilliant greenish blue | 1.488 | 1.491 | 1.506 | biaxial (+)[27] | medium | density=2.580g/cm3[10] Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.[27] |
Cs | Cu | Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2[28] | dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate | 9.439 | 12.762 | 6.310 | 106°11' | 718.5 | brilliant greenish blue, | 1.504 | 1.506 | 1.514 | biaxial (+) | density=2.864g/cm3[29] | |
NH4 | Cu | (NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate[30] | 6.31 | 12.38 | 9.22 | 106.16° | 691.25[31] | density=1.921;[31] heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol[31] Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.[30] | ||||||
Tl | Cu | Tl2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Thallium copper sulfate hydrate | 9.268 | 12.364 | 6.216 | 105°33' | brilliant greenish blue | 1.600 | 1.610 | 1.620 | biaxial | very large[32] | density=3.740 g/cm3 | |
K | Fe | K2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate[14] | ||||||||||||
Rb | Fe | Rb2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate | 9.218 | 12.497 | 6.256 | 105°45' | pale green | 1.480 | 1.489 | 1.501 | biaxial (+) | large, | density=2.523g/cm3[33] | |
Cs | Fe | Cs2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate | 9.357(2) | 12.886(2) | 6.381(1) | 106.94(1)° | 736.0 | dark yellow[17] very pale green | 1.501 | 1.504 | 1.516 | biaxial (+) | medium[34] | density=2.805 |
NH4 | Fe | (NH4)2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | mohrite[14] | 6.24(1) | 12.65(2) | 9.32(2) | 106.8(1) | 704.28 | vitreous pale green | density=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr[35] | |||||
Tl | Fe | Tl2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate | 9.262(2) | 12.497(1) | 6.235(2) | 106.15(1)° | 693.2[21] | light green | 1.590 | 1.605 | =1.616 | biaxial (-) | large | density=3.662g/cm3[36] |
K | Mg | K2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | picromerite | 9.04 | 12.24 | 6.095 | 104° 48'[14] | colourless or white | 1.460 | 1.462 | 1.472 | biaxial (+) | medium | density=2.025g/cm3;[37] expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.[14] | |
Rb | Mg | Rb2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate[38] | 9.235 | 12.486 | 6.224 | 105°59' | colourless | 1.467 | 1.469 | 1.476[39] | biaxial | |||
Cs | Mg | Cs2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Caesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate | 9.338(2) | 12.849(4) | 6.361(2) | 107.07(2)° | 729.6 | colourless[17] | 1.481 | 1.485 | 1.492 | biaxial(+) | medium | density=2.689[40] |
NH4 | Mg | (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | boussingaultite | 9.28 | 12.57 | 6.2 | 107°6'[14][18] | ||||||||
NH4 | Mg | (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate | 9.508±.001 | 12.674 | 6.246 | 106°14' | bright yellow | 1.637 | 1.638 | 1.653 | biaxial(+) | small | density=1.840 g/cm 3[10] | |
Tl | Mg | Tl2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2[41] | dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate | 9.22 9.262(2) | 12.42 12.459(2) | 6.185 6.207(1) | 106°30' 106.39(2)° | 687.1 | colourless[21] | density=3.532 g/cm3 | |||||
Rb | Mn | Rb2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI) | 9.282(2) | 12.600(2) | 6.254(2) | 105.94(2) | 703.3Å3[42][43] | |||||||
Cs | Mn | Cs2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate | 9.418(3) | 12.963(2) | 6.386(3) | 107.17(4)° | 744.9 | pale pink[17] purplish white[44] | 1.495 | 1.497 | 1.502 | biaxial(+) | large | density=2.763[44] |
NH4 | Mn | (NH4)2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate | 9.40 | 12.74 | 6.26 | 107.0°[45] | pale pink | 1.482 | 1.456 | 1.492 | biaxial(+) | large | density=1.827 [46] | |
Tl | Mn | Tl2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate | 9.3276(6), 9.322(2) | 12.5735(8), 12.565(2) | 6.2407(4), and 6.233(1) | 106.310(3)°[47] 106.29(2)°, | 700.8[21] | light pink | ||||||
K | Ni | K2Ni(SO4)2 · 6 H2O[13] | Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate[14] used as UV filter[48] | ||||||||||||
Rb | Ni | Rb2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate | 6.221 | 12.41 | 9.131 | 106.055° | 677.43 | 001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm3 density 2.596 g cm−3.[48] stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87 | ||||||
Cs | Ni | Cs2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Caesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate | 9.259(2) | 12.767(2) | 6.358(1) | 107.00(2)° | 718.7[17] | greenish blue | 1.507 | 1.512 | 1.516 | biaxial(-) | very large | density=2.883 [49] used as UV filter[48] |
NH4 | Ni | (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | nickel-boussingaultite[14][50] | 9.186 | 12.468 | 6.424 | 684.0 | blueish green.[51][52] | density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5 | ||||||
Tl | Ni | Tl2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate | 9.161(2) | 12.389(2) | 6.210(2) | 106.35(2)° | 676.3 | greenish blue[21] | 1.602 | 1.615 | 1.620 | biaxial(-) | large | density=3.763[53] |
K | Ru | K2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 | [54] | 8.950 | 12.268 | 6.135 | 105.27 | 644 | |||||||
Rb | Ru | Rb2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 | [54] | 9.132 | 12.527 | 6.351 | 106.30 | ||||||||
K | V | K2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate [55] | ||||||||||||
Rb | V | Rb2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate | ||||||||||||
NH4 | V | (NH4)2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate | 9.42 | 12.76 | 6.22 | 107.2° | 714.2 | amethyst | density=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å[56] | |||||
K | Zn | K2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2[13][14] | dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate | 9.041 | 12.310 | 6.182 | 104.777° | colourless | 1.478 | 1.481 | 1.496 | biaxial | large | density=2.242g/cm3[57] Thermal decomposition at 252K.[58] | |
Rb | Zn | Rb2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate[59] | 9.185 | 12.450 | 6.242 | 105°54' | colourless | 1.483 | 1.489 | 1.497 | biaxial | large [60] | ||
Cs | Zn | Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | zinc caesium sulphate hexahydrate [61] | 9.314(2) | 12.817(2) | 6.369(2) | 106.94(2)° | 727.3 | colourless[17] | 1.507 | 1.610 | 1.615 | biaxial(-) | large | density=2.881 [62] |
NH4 | Zn | (NH4)2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | 9.205 | 12.475 | 6.225 | 106°52'[18] | 684.1 | heat of fusion 285 J/g[63] | |||||||
Tl | Zn | Tl2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate [64] | 9.219(2) | 12.426(2) | 6.226(1) | 106.29(2)° | 684.6 | colourless[21] | ||||||
selenates | |||||||||||||||
Cs | Ni | Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SeO4)2 | Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate[65] | 7.4674 | 7.9152 | 11.7972 | 106.363 | 669.04 | light green | ||||||
Rb | Cu | Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SeO4)2 | Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate[66] | 6.363 | 12.431 | 9.373 | 104.33 | 718.3 |
Organic salts
Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.
formula | name | a Å | b Å | c Å | β° | V Å3 | colour | Nα | Nβ | Nγ | Biaxial | 2V | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C4H12N2)[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 | piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate)[67] | 12.9562 | 10.6502 | 13.3251 | 114.032 | 1679.30 | Colourless | ||||||
cadmium creatininium sulfate[68] | 6.5584 | 27.871 | 7.1955 | 110.371 | 1232.99 | colourless |
References
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 699. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
- ^ Ettoumi, Houda; Bulou, Alain; Suñol, Joan Josep; Mhiri, Tahar (November 2015). "Synthesis, crystal structure, and vibrational study of : A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound". Journal of Molecular Structure. 1099: 181–188. Bibcode:2015JMoSt1099..181E. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.060.
- ^ Bosi, Ferdinando; Belardi, Girolamo; Ballirano, Paolo (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2, with M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn". American Mineralogist. 94 (1): 74–82. Bibcode:2009AmMin..94...74B. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898. S2CID 97302855.
- ^ B. N. Figgis; E. S. Kucharski; P. A. Reynolds; F. Tasset (1989). "The structure of at 4.3 K by neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallogr. C45: 942–944. doi:10.1107/S0108270188013903.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Taylor, F. Sherwood (1942). Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry (6th ed.). William Heinemann.
- ^ A. E. Tutton (1900–1901). "A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series .—Salts in Which M Is Zinc". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 67 (435–441): 58–84. doi:10.1098/rspl.1900.0002.
- ^ Nyquist, Richard A.; Kagel, Ronald O. (30 March 1972). Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts: Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds. Academic Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9780080878522. Retrieved 18 June 2013. (also includes Ni Cu )
- ^ Lakshman, S.V.J.; T.V.Krishna Rao (1984). "Absorption spectrum of ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal". Solid State Communications. 49 (6): 567–570. Bibcode:1984SSCom..49..567L. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(84)90193-5. ISSN 0038-1098.
- ^ a b c Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie; M. C. Morris; E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ "materials database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ a b "Materials Database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ a b c Ananthanarayanan, V. (1961). "Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates". Zeitschrift für Physik. 163 (2): 144–157. Bibcode:1961ZPhy..163..144A. doi:10.1007/BF01336872. ISSN 1434-6001. S2CID 120815961.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bosi, F.; G. Belardi; P. Ballirano (2009). "Structural features in Tutton's salts , with ". American Mineralogist. 94 (1): 74–82. Bibcode:2009AmMin..94...74B. doi:10.2138/am.2009.2898. ISSN 0003-004X. S2CID 97302855.
- ^ "materials database". Atom Work. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ Krebs, Robert E. (2006-01-01). The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 9780313334382. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Euler, H.; B. Barbier; A. Meents; A. Kirfel (2003). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, , " (PDF). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures. 218 (4): 409–413. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.4.409. ISSN 1433-7266. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ a b c Ananthanarayanan, V. (June 1962). "Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Part II. Ammonium double sulphates". Zeitschrift für Physik. 166 (3): 318–327. Bibcode:1962ZPhy..166..318A. doi:10.1007/BF01380779. S2CID 123224200.
- ^ "Materials database". Atom Work.
- ^ Lim, Ae Ran (2011). "Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt crystals". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 109 (3): 1619–1623. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1849-2. ISSN 1388-6150. S2CID 95478618.
- ^ a b c d e f Euler, Harald; Bruno Barbier; Alke Meents; Armin Kirfel (2009). "Crystal structures of Tutton′s salts , ". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures. 224 (3): 355–359. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2009.0157. ISSN 1433-7266.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b c Dobe, Christopher; Christopher Noble; Graham Carver; Philip L. W. Tregenna-Piggott; Garry J. McIntyre; Anne-Laure Barra; Antonia Neels; Stefan Janssen; Fanni Juranyi (2004). "Electronic and Molecular Structure of High-Spin d4 Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the [Cr(D2O)6]2+Cation in Tutton's Salts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (50): 16639–16652. Bibcode:2004JAChS.12616639D. doi:10.1021/ja046095c. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 15600370.
- ^ Dobe, Christopher; Hans-Peter Andres; Philip L.W. Tregenna-Piggott; Susanne Mossin; Høgni Weihe; Stefan Janssen (2002). "Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium(II) Tutton salt: manifestation of the 5E ⊗ e Jahn–Teller effect". Chemical Physics Letters. 362 (5–6): 387–396. Bibcode:2002CPL...362..387D. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01131-4. ISSN 0009-2614.
- ^ a b c "materials database". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ Zhou, Dawei; R. W. Kreilick (1993). "Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton's salt ()". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 97 (37): 9304–9310. doi:10.1021/j100139a009. ISSN 0022-3654.
- ^ a b Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi (2007). "Rietveld refinement of the Tutton's salt from parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63 (2): i56–i58. doi:10.1107/S1600536807002656. ISSN 1600-5368.
- ^ Ballirano, Paolo; Girolamo Belardi; Ferdinando Bosi (2007). "Redetermination of the Tutton's salt ". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 63 (7): i164–i165. doi:10.1107/S1600536807029790. ISSN 1600-5368.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b Simmons, Charles J.; Michael A. Hitchman; Horst Stratemeier; Arthur J. Schultz (1993). "High-pressure, low-temperature, single-crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate (Tutton's salt): a pressure-switchable Jahn-Teller distortion". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115 (24): 11304–11311. Bibcode:1993JAChS.11511304S. doi:10.1021/ja00077a032. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ a b c "976 Diammonium hexaquacopper(ii) sulfate () (ICSD 62991)". openmopac. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H.. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 72. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie; M. C. Morris; E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 64. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 14. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ "Mohrite" (PDF). Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie; M. C. Morris; E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 87. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; H. F. McMurdie; M. C. Morris; E. H. Evans (September 1970). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns" (PDF). National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8. National Bureau of Standards. p. 54. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
- ^ Somasekharam, V.; Y.P. Reddy (1985). "Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications. 53 (8): 695–697. Bibcode:1985SSCom..53..695S. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(85)90380-1. ISSN 0038-1098.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 70. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 18. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Chand, Prem; R. Murali Krishna; J. Lakshmana Rao; S. V. J. Lakshman (1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 127 (2): 245–254. Bibcode:1993REDS..127..245C. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322. ISSN 1042-0150.
- ^ "ICSD for WWW". Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Euler, H.; B. Barbier; S. Klumpp; A. Kirfel (2000). "Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, , " (PDF). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures. 215 (4): 473–476. doi:10.1515/ncrs-2000-0408. ISSN 1433-7266. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ a b Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 20. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Montgomery, H.; R. V. Chastain; E. C. Lingafelter (1966). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. V. Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 20 (6): 731–733. Bibcode:1966AcCry..20..731M. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001762. ISSN 0365-110X.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1970). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances (PDF). Washington D.C. p. 12. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Nalbandyan, V. B. (29 February 2012). "Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate, a missing Tutton's salt, and a brief review of the entire family". Powder Diffraction. 23 (1): 52–55. Bibcode:2008PDiff..23...52N. doi:10.1154/1.2840634. S2CID 97043497.
- ^ a b c Wang, Xia; Xinxin Zhuang; Genbo Su; Youping He (2008). "A new ultraviolet filter: (RNSH) single crystal" (PDF). Optical Materials. 31 (2): 233–236. Bibcode:2008OptMa..31..233W. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2008.03.020. ISSN 0925-3467.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 23. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Montgomery, H.; E.C. Lingafelter (10 November 1964). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. II. Magnesium ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and nickel ammonium sulfate hexahydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 17 (11). International Union of Crystallography: 1478. Bibcode:1964AcCry..17.1478M. doi:10.1107/s0365110x6400367x.
- ^ Morris, Marlene C; McMurdie, Howard F.; Evans, Eloise H.; Paretzkin, Boris; Hubbard, Camden R.; Carmel, Simon J. (1980). "Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 17. Data for 54 Substances". Final Report National Bureau of Standards. Bibcode:1980nbs..reptR....M.
- ^ "The Monoclinic Double Sulphates Containing Ammonium. Completion of the Double Sulphate Series". January 1916.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 78. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ a b Bernhard, Paul; Ludi, Andreas (March 1984). "Infrared and Raman spectra of the hexaaquaruthenium ions: normal-coordinate analysis for and ". Inorganic Chemistry. 23 (7): 870–872. doi:10.1021/ic00175a015.
- ^ Mido, M. Satake & Y.; Satake, M. (2010-01-01). Chemistry Of Transition Elements. Discovery Publishing House. p. 43. ISBN 9788171412433. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^ Montgomery, H.; B. Morosin; J. J. Natt; A. M. Witkowska; E. C. Lingafelter (1967). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. VI. Vanadium(II), iron(II) and cobalt(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrates". Acta Crystallographica. 22 (6): 775–780. Bibcode:1967AcCry..22..775M. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67001550. ISSN 0365-110X.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 43. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Lim, Ae Ran; Kim, Sun Ha (23 July 2015). "Structural and thermodynamic properties of Tutton salt K2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 123 (1): 371–376. doi:10.1007/s10973-015-4865-9. S2CID 93389171.
- ^ Somasekharam, V; Prasad, P Siva; Ramesh, K; Reddy, Y P (1 February 1986). "Electronic Spectra of VO and Cu Ions in Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate". Physica Scripta. 33 (2): 169–172. Bibcode:1986PhyS...33..169S. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/33/2/014. S2CID 250762626.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 55. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Lakshmana Rao, J.; K. Purandar (1980). "Absorption spectrum of in zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate". Solid State Communications. 33 (3): 363–364. Bibcode:1980SSCom..33..363L. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(80)91171-0. ISSN 0038-1098.
- ^ Swanson, H. E.; McMurdie, H. F.; Morris, M. C.; Evans, E. H. (September 1969). Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances. Washington D.C: UNT Digital Library. p. 25. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
- ^ Voigt, W.; S. Göring (1994). "Melting of Tutton's salts studied by DSC". Thermochimica Acta. 237 (1): 13–26. Bibcode:1994TcAc..237...13V. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(94)85179-4. ISSN 0040-6031.
- ^ Chand, Prem; Krishna, R. Murali; Rao, J. Lakshmana; Lakshman, S. V. J. (November 1993). "EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium". Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 127 (2): 245–254. Bibcode:1993REDS..127..245C. doi:10.1080/10420159308220322.
- ^ Yankova, Rumyana; Genieva, Svetlana (June 2019). "Crystal structure and IR investigation of double salt Cs2Ni(SeO4)2·4H2O". Chemical Data Collections. 21: 100234. doi:10.1016/j.cdc.2019.100234. S2CID 181399910.
- ^ Yankova, Rumyana (May 2020). "Hirshfeld surface analysis and ir investigation for the rubidium hexaaquacopper(II) selenate". Chemical Data Collections. 27: 100379. doi:10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100379. S2CID 218940437.
- ^ Rekik, Walid; Naïli, Houcine; Mhiri, Tahar; Bataille, Thierry (April 2005). "Piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate): A structural analogue of Tutton's salts". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 61 (4): m629. Bibcode:2005AcCrE..61M.629R. doi:10.1107/s1600536805005982.
- ^ Colaneri, Michael J.; Teat, Simon J.; Vitali, Jacqueline (20 February 2020). "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characteristics and Crystal Structure of a Tutton Salt Analogue: Copper-Doped Cadmium Creatininium Sulfate". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 124 (11): 2242–2252. Bibcode:2020JPCA..124.2242C. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00004. OSTI 1777953. PMID 32078331. S2CID 211231042.