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Tungurahua

For the Ecuadorian province, see Tungurahua Province.
Tungurahua
View from Riobamba (September 2011)
Highest point
Elevation5,023 m (16,480 ft)[1]
Prominence1,554 m (5,098 ft)
ListingUltra
Coordinates1°28′12″S 78°26′41″W / 1.4700°S 78.4447°W / -1.4700; -78.4447[2]
Naming
English translationThroat of fire
Language of nameQuechua
Geography
Map
LocationEcuador
Parent rangeCordillera Oriental, Andes
Topo map(s)IGM, CT-ÑIV-D1[3]
Geology
Rock ageHolocene (Gomez 1994)
Mountain typeStratovolcano (active)
Volcanic arc/beltNorthern Volcanic Zone
Last eruption2000 to 2017[4]
Climbing
First ascent1873 by Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss
Easiest routeScrambling/Snow/Ice PD
False-color satellite image of Tungurahua (center right, with plume of ash emanating from it) and its neighbor Chimborazo (center left)

Tungurahua (/tʊŋɡʊˈrɑːwə/; from Quichua tunguri (throat) and rahua (fire), "Throat of Fire")[5] is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua. Volcanic activity restarted on August 19, 1999,[6] and is ongoing as of 2023, with several eruptive episodes since then, the most recent lasting from February 26 to March 16, 2016.[7]

Etymology

According to one theory the name Tungurahua is a combination of the Quichua tunguri (throat) and rahua (fire) meaning "Throat of Fire".[5] According to another theory it is based on the Quichua uraua for crater.[8] Tungurahua is also known as "The Black Giant" (Gigante Negro in spanish),[9] and in local indigenous mythology it is referred to as Mama Tungurahua ("Mother Tungurahua").[10]

Geography and geology

class=notpageimage|
Major volcanoes in Ecuador

Location

Tungurahua 5,023 metres (16,480 ft) is located in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of central Ecuador, 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of the capital Quito. Nearby notable mountains are Chimborazo (6,263 metres (20,548 ft)) and El Altar (5,319 metres (17,451 ft)). It rises above the small thermal springs town of Baños de Agua Santa (1,800 metres (5,900 ft)) which is located at its foot 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the north. Other nearby towns are Ambato (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the northwest), Baños and Riobamba (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the southwest). Tungurahua is part of the Sangay National Park.

Glacier

With its elevation of 5,023 metres (16,480 ft), Tungurahua just over tops the snow line (about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft)). Tungurahua's top is snow-covered and did feature a small summit glacier which melted away after the increase of volcanic activity in 1999.

Volcanism

Today's volcanic edifice (Tungurahua III) is constructed inside its predecessor's (Tungurahua II) caldera which collapsed about 3000 (±90) years ago. The original edifice (Tungurahua I) collapsed at the end of the Late Pleistocene.[11]

Historical volcanic activity

Tungurahua's eruptions are Strombolian. They produce andesite and dacite. All historical eruptions originated from the summit crater and have been accompanied by strong explosions, pyroclastic flows and sometimes lava flows. In the last 1,300 years Tungurahua entered every 80 to 100 years into an activity phase of which the major have been the ones of 1773, 1886 and 1916–1918.[12]

Study of volcanic ash layers deposited in the lakes of El Cajas National Park show that there were major eruptions 3,034±621, 2,027±41, 1,557±177, 733±112 years ago (cal BP).[13]

Recent volcanic activity

In 2000, after a long period of quiescence, the volcano entered an eruptive phase that continued until 2017. The renewed activity in October 1999 produced major ashfall and led to the temporary evacuation of more than 25,000 inhabitants from Baños and the surrounding area[14] Activity continued at a medium level until May 2006, when activity increased dramatically, culminating in violent eruptions on 14 July 2006 and 16 August 2006. The 16 August 2006 eruption has been the most violent since activity commenced in 1999. This eruption was accompanied by a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) high ash plume which spread over an area of 740 by 180 kilometres (460 by 110 mi),[15] depositing ash and tephra to the southwest of the volcano. Several pyroclastic flows were generated that killed at least five people, and destroyed a number of hamlets and roads on the eastern and northwestern slopes of the volcano.[16]

A further eruption and evacuation occurred on 4 December 2010. Ecuador's National Agency of Risk Control issued a "red alert", later downgraded to orange.[17] The Ecuadorean Institute for Geophysics reported a rapid increase in seismic activity, a number of explosions and an ash cloud reaching 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in height.[18] Another eruption occurred on 18 December 2012 forcing evacuation of those living on the volcano's slopes.[19] The volcano erupted again in July 2013,[20][21] and again on 1 February 2014.

  • Tungurahua eruption February 1, 2014
    Tungurahua eruption
    February 1, 2014
  • Tungurahua at night 2011
    Tungurahua at night
    2011
  • Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night, 1999
    Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night, 1999

First ascent

In June 1802, the Prussian-born explorer Alexander von Humboldt tried without success to reach the summit.[22] During their seven-year-long South America expedition (1868 to 1876), the German volcanologists Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss climbed Cotopaxi (Reiss with Angel Escobar; 28 November 1872) and Tungurahua (Stübel with Eusebio Rodríguez; 9 February 1873).[8]

Panorama of Tungurahua from Baños, one week before the 2012 eruptions

See also

References

  1. ^ Several elevation data between 5,016 and 5,029 m are used, 5,023 m is the one used on IGM maps. Used extremes are: 5,087 m (Stübel 1897) and 5,005 m (Neate 1994).
  2. ^ "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  3. ^ IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador) (1989). "Baños Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-D1". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  4. ^ "Tungurahua volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
  5. ^ a b "In the shadow of the Tungurahua volcano". BBC News. 7 September 2006.)
  6. ^ "Tungurahua volcano erupts in Ecuador". NBC News. 19 Aug 2012.
  7. ^ "Global Volcanism Program". National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  8. ^ a b Schmudlach, Günter (2001). Bergführer Ecuador. Panico Alpinverlag. ISBN 3-926807-82-2.
  9. ^ "El Tungurahua, el "Gigante Negro" del Ecuador". Ecuador.com. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  10. ^ Admin, User. "Los volcanes también cuentan historias de amor". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-09. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "Geología". Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16.
  12. ^ "Historia". Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-12-16.
  13. ^ Arcusa, Stéphanie H.; Schneider, Tobias; Mosquera, Pablo V.; Vogel, Hendrik; Kaufman, Darrell; Szidat, Sönke; Grosjean, Martin (2020). "Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador". Andean Geology. 47 (3): 508–528. doi:10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3301.
  14. ^ "Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes". New York Times. 1999-11-28.
  15. ^ "Volcán Tungurahua - Ecuador". IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-09-07.
  16. ^ Kramer, Jack (2006-08-16). "Volcano Erupts". National Ledger.
  17. ^ CNN Wire Staff (5 December 2010). "Volcano known as the 'Throat of Fire' erupts in Ecuador". CNN Wire. Retrieved 5 December 2010. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ "Tungurahua volcano prompts evacuation in Ecuador". BBC News. 4 December 2010.
  19. ^ "Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano threatens local villages". BBC News. 18 December 2012.
  20. ^ "Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador spews huge ash plume forcing hundreds from their homes". Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  21. ^ "Eruption of the Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador". CIMSS Satellite Blog. 14 July 2013.
  22. ^ Daum, Andreas W. (2024). Alexander von Humboldt: A Concise Biography. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 73‒75. ISBN 978-0-691-24737-3.

Further reading

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungurahua