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Tithing in Mormonism

Tithing forms and envelopes used in the LDS Church

Tithing is a commandment accepted by various churches in the Latter Day Saint movement. In practicing tithing, adherents make willing tithe donations, usually ten percent of their income, to their church. It is based on both the biblical practice of paying tithes and modern revelation given to Joseph Smith and his accepted successors. For many of these churches, the law of tithing replaced or supplemented the law of consecration. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) emphasized tithing in the 1900s and 1960s to assist in paying church debts.

Background and origin

Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery made a covenant on November 29, 1834, in which they promised to give a tenth of all that they received to the poor in the church.[1] However, during the early history of the Church of Christ, most Latter Day Saints understood the scriptural word "tithing" as any amount of consecrated goods or money.[2] For example, in 1837, Presiding Bishop Edward Partridge and his counselors defined "tithing" as two percent of a household's annual net worth.[2][3]: 18 

While in Far West, Missouri, Smith stated he received a revelation commanding his followers to build up a holy city Zion and construct another temple. Faced with the future financial burden that this commandment would create, Smith gathered several church leaders on July 8, 1838, and prayed to know how much property God required for tithing.[2] The answer that Smith stated he received is recorded in Doctrine and Covenants,[4] which describes three types of tithing, including "all their surplus property", "all those who gather unto ... Zion shall be tithed", and "one tenth of all their interest annually."[5][6]

The revelation states that the original purpose of the surplus property was "For the building of mine house, and for the laying of the foundation of Zion and for the priesthood, and for the debts of the Presidency of my Church." Additionally, it warned that "if my people observe not this law, to keep it holy ... behold, verily I say unto you, it shall not be a land of Zion unto you."[5]

After Smith received this revelation on tithing, he assigned Brigham Young to collect the Latter Day Saints' "surplus property". Smith did not define the phrase "surplus property", instead allowing the people to judge for themselves.[2] In November 1841, the Quorum of the Twelve stated that "surplus property" would mean "one-tenth." Modern scholars disagree on whether this original provision was only applicable under the law of consecration.[6]: 53–54  After Smith's death and the resulting succession crisis, various factions of the Latter Day Saint movement developed their own tithing practices.

LDS Church

The LDS Church is the largest branch of the Latter Day Saint movement, with membership estimated at 16.6 million as of December 31, 2020.[7] The LDS Church was estimated to have received tithing donations totaling between $7 billion[8][9] and $33 billion[10] USD in the year 2012 (equivalent to $9.3 billion to $43.8 billion in 2023[11]).

Historical and modern definitions

Tithing is defined in LDS scripture as one-tenth of one's annual interest.[12] According to Partridge, who was with Joseph Smith when he received the revelation for tithing, the amount is to be calculated as one tenth of the interest you would have received on your net worth.[13]

The LDS Church today teaches that tithing is ten percent of one's annual income. It is left to each member to determine what constitutes "income".[14]

History

The adoption of tithing and fast offerings as the economic foundation of the LDS Church marked a shift from the earlier communal period of the law of consecration to a system designed for economic stability.[15] During the early Utah period of church history, tithing could be paid in various forms. "Property tithing" included all property that one owned upon time of conversion. This form of tithing was renewed in the September 1851 conference because of unsatisfactory returns. "Labor tithing" was a donation of every tenth day devoted for working on church projects. Tithing could be paid in its original form, such as in livestock, produce,[16]: 134–7  or slaves.[17][18] Donations in the form of United States currency, local scrip currency, or gold dust were also accepted.[16]: 134–7 

The LDS Church entered a debt crisis following the panic of 1893. Lorenzo Snow became the church's president in 1898 and worked to solve the church's money problems. With tithing donations declining, Snow traveled to southern Utah in 1899 and urged members to pay tithing. He returned to Salt Lake City and continued preaching its importance to church leaders, causing tithing revenues to increase.[19] Snow's successor in the presidency, Joseph F. Smith, continued emphasis on tithing. The LDS Church paid off all its debts by the end of 1906.[20] In 1907, Joseph F. Smith taught that the church would one day no longer have the need to ask for tithing donations as it built its wealth.[21] In 1908, the First Presidency and the Presiding Bishopric reformed the tithing process by deprecating the use of the church-issued scrip currency and shifting entirely to a cash-based system.[22][23]

During the early 1950s, the LDS Church launched a building program and soon entered another financial crisis, deficit spending an annual amount of $32 million by the end of 1962. Apostle N. Eldon Tanner halted the church's building program in 1963 to build up a financial "buffer reserve".[3]: 25–26  At this time, church leaders worked to re-emphasize the principle of tithing.[6]: 47 

In 2015, the LDS Church announced a new system to allow members to pay their tithing and other donations online. This change was met with gratitude from local church members as it streamlined the donation process and reduced the workload of local lay leaders.[24]

Purpose and methods of collection

The LDS Church uses tithing funds for building and maintaining temples and meetinghouses. It is also used to fund the church's missionary and education efforts.[25] All expenditures are authorized by the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes.

Tithing donations collected within the United States are sent to the LDS Church's headquarters in Salt Lake City. Funds collected outside the United States generally stay within their country of origin to avoid long shipping times and foreign exchange fees.[3]: 20  In 2015, the church approved an online method for members in the United States to submit tithes and other offerings.[26]

Early church officers were paid from tithing money; the scriptural basis for this practice being, "He who is appointed to administer spiritual things, the same is worthy of his hire" (D&C 70:12). In April 1896, the First Presidency attempted to end salaries for "any one but the Twelve." Today, the LDS Church operates at the local level by an unpaid lay ministry.[3]: 20–22  According to Gordon B. Hinckley, church general authorities today are given a "living allowance" taken from the church's business income.[27]

Tithing in interviews

Tithing declaration

During the Utah period of church history, tithing settlement interviews were annually scheduled on December 31. Members would account their tithes to their bishop and tithing clerk. If the tithing donation amount was less than the expected amount, they were expected to explain how they would make up the deficit. An overpayment in tithing was carried over and deducted from the following year's expected amount.[16]: 138 

Today, the bishop or branch president schedules an annual tithing declaration meeting with each member of his ward or branch. In the interview, church members declare their status as tithe-payers, and the leader records this on the church records.[28]

Temple ordinance eligibility

In order to qualify for temple ordinances necessary for exaltation, paying a full tithe is a requirement, regardless of one's temporal circumstances.[29][30][31] Tithes play a role in the eligibility interviews for a temple recommend which is a required document to participate in temple rites. One's status as a tithe payer has been listed as a standard of temple worthiness since the Nauvoo Temple period. As of 2023 the church's General Handbook requires bishops who interview members for temple recommends to ask members if they are currently full tithe payers,[citation needed] though provisions can be made if members promise to pay tithing at a later date.[32]: 162–163 

Community of Christ

The Community of Christ (previously known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) is the second-largest branch of the Latter Day Saint movement, with membership estimated at 250,000 as of 2008.[33]

New converts are expected to prepare an inventory to establish their net worth. Their initial tithing entails a tenth of this net worth, which can be paid at any time. Members then pay their tithing annually, calculated by taking their gross income, subtracting their "basic living needs" and turning over to the church 10% of the remainder.[34] The Community of Christ defines tithing as "offerings to support local, mission center, and worldwide church ministries." Such offerings may include 10% or more of one's income, though poorer members can give any desired amount.[35]

Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)

Cutlerites, a small sect with less than 20 members as of 2010,[36] do not practice the law of tithing. They instead practice the United Order, the ideal of "all things common" taught in the early Latter Day Saint church.[37]: 219–47  Cutlerites do not believe that Joseph Smith ever authored the section of the Doctrine and Covenants that mandates tithing, claiming that it was never presented to the membership until after Smith's death.[37]: 297–305 

Church of Zion

The Church of Zion (Godbeites, active circa 1870 to 1890) sought to reform Mormon tithing practices by basing it on one's annual accumulated income.[38]: 180  When the principle was announced, the movement's founder William S. Godbe stated that he hoped they eventually would not need a law of tithing.[38]: 199 

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, Joseph; Smith, Heman Conoman (1897). History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Board of Publication of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. p. 529.
  2. ^ a b c d Harper, Steven C. (January 13, 2016). "'The Tithing of My People' D&C 119–20". Revelations in Context. LDS Church. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Quinn, D. Michael (June 1996). "LDS Church Finances from the 1830s to the 1990s" (PDF). Sunstone: 17–26.
  4. ^ The revelation is found in section 119 in the LDS Church edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, section 106 in the Community of Christ edition, and section 107 in the 1844 Nauvoo edition.
  5. ^ a b Smith, Joseph (2015). "Section 119". Doctrine and Covenants.
  6. ^ a b c Bell, E. Jay (1994). "The Windows of Heaven Revisited: The 1899 Tithing Reformation". Journal of Mormon History. 20 (1). Mormon History Association, University of Illinois Press: 53–54. JSTOR 23286314.
  7. ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts". Mormon Newsroom.
  8. ^ Henderson, Peter (August 13, 2012). "Mormon church earns $7 billion a year from tithing, analysis indicates". NBC News. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  9. ^ Curtis, Larry D. (December 20, 2019). "LDS Church releases explanation of its use of tithes, donations after $100B fund revealed". KUTV. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  10. ^ Fletcher Stack, Peggy. "Historian digs into the hidden world of Mormon finances, shows how church went from losing money to making money – lots of it". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  11. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  12. ^ Joseph, Smith. "D&C 119:4". churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  13. ^ Woodruff, Daniel. "New historical information reveals original meaning of LDS tithing". KUTV. KUTV. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  14. ^ "How is tithing calculated?". FairMormon. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  15. ^ Brunn, Stanley D. (February 3, 2015). The Changing World Religion Map: Sacred Places, Identities, Practices and Politics. Springer. pp. 1213–5. ISBN 978-94-017-9376-6.
  16. ^ a b c Arrington, Leonard J. (1993). Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780874804201.
  17. ^ Rogers-Iversen, Kristen (September 2, 2007). "Utah settlers' black slaves caught in 'new wilderness'". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  18. ^ Williams, Don B. (December 1, 2004). Slavery in Utah Territory: 1847-1865. p. 52. ISBN 9780974607627.
  19. ^ Horne, Dennis B. (2014). "Reexamining Lorenzo Snow's 1899 Tithing Revelation". Mormon Historical Studies. 14 (2): 143–152.
  20. ^ "Moving Forward into the New Century". Church History In The Fulness Of Times Student Manual. LDS Church. pp. 481–494. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  21. ^ "Conference Report 1907". archive.org. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  22. ^ Alexander, Thomas G. (1996). Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1890-1930. University of Illinois Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-252-06578-1.
  23. ^ Wilson, Thomas Frederick (1992). The Power "to Coin" Money: The Exercise of Monetary Powers by the Congress. M.E. Sharpe. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-87332-795-4.
  24. ^ Walch, Tad. "Online system will allow Mormons to pay tithing, donations and mission contributions digitally". Deseret News. Deseret News. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  25. ^ "Tithing". Gospel Topics. LDS Church.
  26. ^ "Church Approves Electronic Method to Submit Tithing and Other Donations". Mormon Newsroom. April 29, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  27. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (October 1985). "Questions and Answers". Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  28. ^ "Tithing settlement". LDSTech. LDS Church. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  29. ^ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (March 26, 2018). "Does tithing requirement for entry into LDS temples amount to Mormons buying their way into heaven?". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  30. ^ Shields, Steven L. (1986). Latter Day Saint Beliefs: A Comparison Between the RLDS Church and the LDS Church. Herald Publishing House. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8309-0437-2 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  31. ^ Ronquillo, John C. (May 8, 2015). "Op-ed: There's another option besides online LDS tithing: confidential payments". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  32. ^ Kimball, Edward L. (1998). "The History of LDS Temple Admission Standards". Journal of Mormon History. 24 (1): 135–176. JSTOR 23287671.
  33. ^ Community of Christ – General Denominational Information Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, (accessed October 28, 2008)
  34. ^ Bohn, Robert F. (January–February 1984). "A Modern Look at Tithable Income" (PDF). Sunstone (43): 16–24.
  35. ^ "Tithing". Community of Christ. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  36. ^ Smith, Jason (2010). "Divergent Churches". In Reeve, W. Paul; Parshall, Ardis E. (eds.). Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-59884-107-7.
  37. ^ a b Fletcher, Rupert J.; Fletcher, Daisy Whiting (1973). Alpheus Cutler and the Church of Jesus Christ. Independence, MO: Church of Jesus Christ. OCLC 902590.
  38. ^ a b Walker, Ronald Warren (January 1998). Wayward Saints: The Godbeites and Brigham Young. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06705-1.

Further reading

  • Dahl, Gordon B.; Ransom, Michael R. (September 1999). "Does Where You Stand Depend on Where You Sit? Tithing Donations and Self-Serving Beliefs". The American Economic Review. 89 (4). American Economic Association: 703–727. doi:10.1257/aer.89.4.703. JSTOR 117156.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism