Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana | |
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Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Flore Pleno' | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Gentianales |
Family: | Apocynaceae |
Subfamily: | Rauvolfioideae |
Tribe: | Tabernaemontaneae |
Subtribe: | Tabernaemontaninae |
Genus: | Tabernaemontana Plum. ex L. 1753 |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Tabernaemontana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution, found in Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, and a wide assortment of oceanic islands.[1][2] These plants are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 3–25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called "milkwood". The flowers are fragrant, white, 1–5 cm in diameter.
The cultivar T. divaricata cv. 'Plena', with doubled-petaled flowers, is a popular houseplant.
Some members of the genus Tabernaemontana are used as additives to some versions of the psychedelic drink ayahuasca;[3] the genus is known to contain ibogaine (e.g. in bëcchëte, T. undulata), conolidine (present in minor concentration in T. divaricata)[4] and voacangine (T. alba, T. arborea, T. africana).[5] Because of presence of coronaridine and voacangine in Mexican Tabernaemontana species,[5] those plant could be used in economic production of anti-addictive alkaloids especially ibogaine and ibogamine.[6] T. sananho preparations are used in native medicine to treat eye injuries and as an anxiolytic, and T. heterophylla is used to treat dementia in the elderly.[7] Conolidine may be developed as a new class of pain killer.[8] Caterpillars of the oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) have been found to feed on the pinwheelflower (T. divaricata).
Taxonomy
- Publication
The genus was described by Carl Linnaeus and published in Species Plantarum 1: 210–211 in 1753. The type species is T. citrifolia.
- Etymology
The genus name commemorates the "father of German botany" Jakob Theodor von Bergzabern, a.k.a. Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus, Tabernaemontanus being a compressed form of the original Medieval Latin name (Tabernae Montanus) of the botanist's home town of Bergzabern - both the Latin and the German forms of the town's name meaning "tavern(s) in the mountains".
- Species[1]
- Tabernaemontana abbreviata - Costa Rica
- Tabernaemontana africana - tropical Africa
- Tabernaemontana alba - Central America, Mexico, Florida, Cuba, Colombia
- Tabernaemontana alfaroi - Costa Rica, Panama
- Tabernaemontana allenii - Panama
- Tabernaemontana alternifolia - S India
- Tabernaemontana amplifolia - Colombia, Ecuador
- Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia - S Mexico, Central America, Cuba, Haiti, NW South America
- Tabernaemontana angulata - NE Brazil
- Tabernaemontana antheonycta - Borneo
- Tabernaemontana apoda - Cuba
- Tabernaemontana arborea - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
- Tabernaemontana attenuata - Trinidad, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana
- Tabernaemontana aurantiaca - Maluku, Papuasia, Vanuatu, Micronesia
- Tabernaemontana bouquetii - Congo, Gabon
- Tabernaemontana bovina - S China, N Indochina
- Tabernaemontana brachyantha - C Africa
- Tabernaemontana brasiliensis - Brazil (Pará)
- Tabernaemontana bufalina - S China, Indochina, W Malaysia
- Tabernaemontana calcarea - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana capuronii - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana catharinensis - S South America
- Tabernaemontana cerea - Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname
- Tabernaemontana cerifera - New Caledonia
- Tabernaemontana chocoensis - Colombia
- Tabernaemontana ciliata - N Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana citrifolia - West Indies
- Tabernaemontana coffeoides - Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana columbiensis - SE Central America, NW South America
- Tabernaemontana contorta - Cameroon
- Tabernaemontana cordata - Philippines (Mindanao)
- Tabernaemontana coriacea - W Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
- Tabernaemontana corymbosa - S China, SE Asia
- Tabernaemontana crassa - W + C Africa
- Tabernaemontana crassifolia - N Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana cumata - Brazil ( Amazonas)
- Tabernaemontana cuspidata - NW South America
- Tabernaemontana cymosa - N South America
- Tabernaemontana debrayi - N Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana dichotoma - Sri Lanka
- Tabernaemontana disticha - N South America
- Tabernaemontana divaricata - S China, Himalayas, N Indochina
- Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii - Mexico, Central America
- Tabernaemontana eglandulosa - Benin to Angola
- Tabernaemontana elegans - Somalia to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
- Tabernaemontana eubracteata - S Mexico, NE Central America
- Tabernaemontana eusepala - NE Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana eusepaloides - NE Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana flavicans - NW South America
- Tabernaemontana gamblei - S India
- Tabernaemontana glabra - Mexico, Central America, NW South America
- Tabernaemontana glandulosa - Guinea to Republic of the Congo
- Tabernaemontana grandiflora - SE Central America, N South America
- Tabernaemontana hallei - Gabon, Cameroon
- Tabernaemontana hannae - Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica
- Tabernaemontana heterophylla - SE Central America, N + C South America
- Tabernaemontana humblotii - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana hystrix - Brazil
- Tabernaemontana inconspicua - Cameroon to Angola
- Tabernaemontana laeta - Brazil
- Tabernaemontana lagenaria - Fr Guinea, N Brazil, Peru
- Tabernaemontana laurifolia - Cayman Is., Jamaica
- Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana - Colombia
- Tabernaemontana letestui - Republic of the Congo, Gabon
- Tabernaemontana linkii - N + W South America
- Tabernaemontana litoralis - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
- Tabernaemontana longipes - SE C America, NW S America
- Tabernaemontana lorifera - N Brazil, Guyana, Suriname
- Tabernaemontana macrocalyx - N South America
- Tabernaemontana macrocarpa - Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra
- Tabernaemontana markgrafiana - Panama, NW South America
- Tabernaemontana maxima - NW South America
- Tabernaemontana mocquerysii - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana muricata - Brazil (Amazonas)
- Tabernaemontana oaxacana - Mexico (Oaxaca)
- Tabernaemontana ochroleuca - Jamaica
- Tabernaemontana odoratissima - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania
- Tabernaemontana oppositifolia - Puerto Rico
- Tabernaemontana ovalifolia - Jamaica
- Tabernaemontana pachysiphon - tropical C + E + S Africa
- Tabernaemontana palustris - NW South America
- Tabernaemontana panamensis - Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
- Tabernaemontana pandacaqui - S China, SE Asia, N Australia, Papuasia, Micronesia, French Polynesia
- Tabernaemontana pauciflora - SE Asia
- Tabernaemontana pauli - Costa Rica
- Tabernaemontana peduncularis - Indochina, W Malaysia
- Tabernaemontana penduliflora - Nigeria to Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Tabernaemontana persicariifolia - Mauritius, Réunion
- Tabernaemontana peschiera - N Brazil, Suriname, Fr Guinea
- Tabernaemontana phymata - N Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana polyneura - W Malaysia
- Tabernaemontana psorocarpa - W Africa
- Tabernaemontana remota - Indonesia (Sulawesi, Rossel Island)
- Tabernaemontana retusa - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana robinsonii - Colombia, Central America
- Tabernaemontana rostrata - Bangladesh to Philippines
- Tabernaemontana rotensis - Guam, Rota
- Tabernaemontana rupicola - N South America
- Tabernaemontana salomonensis - Solomon Islands
- Tabernaemontana salzmannii - E Brazil
- Tabernaemontana sambiranensis - N Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana sananho - N South America
- Tabernaemontana sessilifolia - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana simulans - Panama, Costa Rica
- Tabernaemontana siphilitica - N South America.
- Tabernaemontana solanifolia - Brazil
- Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa - Java to Maluku
- Tabernaemontana stapfiana - Burundi to Zimbabwe
- Tabernaemontana stellata - Madagascar
- Tabernaemontana stenoptera - Mexico (Colima)
- Tabernaemontana stenosiphon - São Tomé and Príncipe
- Tabernaemontana ternifolia - Philippines (Palawan)
- Tabernaemontana thurstonii - Fiji
- Tabernaemontana tomentosa - Mexico
- Tabernaemontana undulata - Costa Rica to Fr Guiana + Bolivia
- Tabernaemontana vanheurckii - NW South America
- Tabernaemontana ventricosa - Nigeria to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
- Tabernaemontana venusta - Mexico (Oaxaca)
- Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii - Jamaica
Gallery
- Ornamental pinwheelflower (T. divaricata) cv. 'Plena'
- Habitus of T. divaricata
- T. elegans (toad tree) : undehisced fruit
- Tabernaemontana catharinensis: dehiscence of paired, ripe fruits, revealing black seeds in deep orange pulp.
See also
- Psychedelic plants
- Compounds found in Tabernaemontana
References
- ^ a b c "WCSP (2013). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 152 狗牙花属 gou ya hua shu Tabernaemontana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 210. 1753.
- ^ Ott (1995)
- ^ Kam, Toh-Seok; Pang, Huey-Shen; Choo, Yeun-Mun; Komiyama, Kanki (2004). "Biologically Active Ibogan and Vallesamine Derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 1 (4): 646–656. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200490056. PMID 17191876. S2CID 12805328.
- ^ a b Krengel F, Herrera Santoyo J, Olivera Flores TJ, Chávez Ávila VM, Pérez Flores FJ, Reyes Chilpa R (December 2016). "Quantification of Anti-Addictive Alkaloids Ibogaine and Voacangine in In Vivo- and In Vitro-Grown Plants of Two Mexican Tabernaemontana Species". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 13 (12): 1730–1737. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201600146. PMID 27448833. S2CID 46046257.
- ^ Krengel F, Chevalier Q, Dickinson J, Herrera Santoyo J, Reyes Chilpa R (April 2019). "Metabolite Profiling of Anti-Addictive Alkaloids from Four Mexican Tabernaemontana Species and the Entheogenic African Shrub Tabernanthe iboga (Apocynaceae)". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 16 (4): e1800506. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201800506. PMID 30618175. S2CID 58612529. (Erratum: doi:10.1002/cbdv.201900316)
- ^ Rodrigues & Carlini (2006)
- ^ "Scientists create new type of painkiller". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 May 2011.
- Ott, Jonathan (1995): In: Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens.
- Rodrigues, Eliana & Carlini, E.A. (2006): Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277–282. PDF fulltext Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine