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TVRI

This article is about TVRI as the broadcasting institution. For its main television channel, see TVRI (TV channel). For the television channel in Romania, see TVRi.
LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia
TypePublic television network
Country
Indonesia
Founded24 August 1962; 62 years ago (1962-08-24)
TV stationsTVRI Nasional
TVRI Regional
TVRI World
TVRI Sport
RevenueRp137 billion (2016)
HeadquartersJalan Gerbang Pemuda, Gelora, Central Jakarta
Broadcast area
Indonesia
Singapore
Malaysia (partially)
Papua New Guinea (partially)
East Timor (partially)
Key people
  • Agus Sudibyo (Chairman of the Board of Supervisors)
  • Iman Brotoseno (President Director)
Official website
www.tvri.go.id
LanguageIndonesian (predominant)
Regional languages
(regional programming)
English (TVRI World)

TVRI (Televisi Republik Indonesia, lit. Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is an Indonesian national public television network and one of Indonesia's two national Public Broadcasting Institutions, the other being the public radio network RRI. First publicly airing in 24 August 1962, on the opening day of, and established as part of the preparations for, the 1962 Asian Games, it is the oldest television network in the country. Its national headquarters is in Gelora, Central Jakarta.[1]

TVRI monopolized television broadcasting in Indonesia until 24 August 1989, when the first commercial television station RCTI went on the air. Alongside RRI, TVRI was converted from a state-controlled broadcaster under government department into an independent public broadcaster on 18 March 2005, becoming the first public broadcaster in the country.[2]

TVRI currently broadcasts throughout the country with three national channels as well as 33 regional stations. As of 2020 it has 361 transmitters;[3][4] making it a television network with the largest terrestrial coverage than any other network in the country. Its funding primarily comes from annual state budget approved by the parliament, advertisement, and other services.

History

See also: Television in Indonesia § History

1962–1975: The idea and initial broadcast

The initial idea to establish a television station in Indonesia was put forward by then Minister of Information Maladi as far as 1952. The argument at the time is that it would be useful for the socialization of the upcoming 1955 general election, but the idea was deemed as too expensive by the cabinet.[5]

The plan to organize the first television broadcast finally began to materialize when in 1961, the Indonesian Government decided to include the television mass media project in the IV Asian Games development project under the IV Asian Games Project Affairs Command (KUPAG).[6] On July 25, 1961, the Minister of Information issued Decree of the Minister of Information of the Republic of Indonesia (SK Menpen) No. 20/SK/M/1961 concerning the formation of the Television Preparatory Committee (P2TV). This institution is chaired by RM Soetarto, head of the State Film Directorate. Apart from Soetarto, there were also his representatives, namely RM Soenarjo and 7 committee members, and they worked together with the Ministry of Information to prepare television broadcasts in Indonesia.[7] To learn more about television, the President then sent Soetarto to New York and Atlanta, United States.[8][9]

On 23 October 1961 at 09.30,[6] President Sukarno who was in Vienna, Austria sent a telex to Maladi to immediately prepare a television project with the following targets:

  1. Building a studio at the former AKPEN (Information Academy) in Senayan, which is now the location of the LPP TVRI head office. This location was chosen because it was close to the Bung Karno Sports Arena, so it was more practical for broadcasting the Asian Games event.[9] Before occupying this location, other locations that had been studied as TVRI studios included the PFN Jatinegara Building, the Topography Bureau Building, the RRI transmitter in Kebayoran, and several other places.[10]
  2. Built two transmitters: 100W and 10 kW with a tower 80 meters high. Built in the TVRI Senayan complex, initially this tower was planned to be above the Hotel Indonesia or the former Perfini Building.[9] The second transmitter was completed on 22 August 1962 and was ready for operation a few hours before the start of the IV Asian Games.[11]
  3. Preparing the equipment (programs and personnel). Specifically, the equipment supply comes from NEC (Japan), after going through selection from other providers, such as Siemens (West Germany), RCA (United States), and Marconi (England).[9] Apart from NEC, another Japanese company involved in the preparation of TVRI was NHK, which trained prospective employees and provided technical assistance for the broadcast.[12] This training was carried out for TVRI employees who generally had no experience in television at that time, because they came from RRI, PFN, as well as ITB students.[8][13]

On August 17, 1962, TVRI began conducting trial broadcasts of the 17th Indonesian Independence Day event from the grounds of the Merdeka Palace, Jakarta, in black and white format and supported by a backup transmitter with a power of 100W. The TVRI broadcast complex was completed in less than a year and was inaugurated on 23 August 1962 by the chairman of P2TV.[9]

TVRI was formed based on the Decree of the Minister of Information of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20/SK/VII/61, then it became part of the Bureau of Radio and Television under the Asian Games IV Organizing Committee for the IV Asian Games that year. TVRI broadcast its first test transmission on the Independence Day celebrations from the Merdeka Palace on 17 August 1962. TVRI went on air, airing the 1962 Asian Games opening ceremony on 24 August. Throughout the Games TVRI aired every event of the meet especially those involving Indonesian athletes; live broadcasts were held from the morning to evening and delayed broadcasts were held from 20:45 until 23:00 WIB when it signed off for the night.[14] With TVRI's presence, Indonesia became the sixth country in eastern Asia to introduce television, behind Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, China and South Korea.[citation needed] During the Asian Games, Matsushita awarded a contract from the Indonesian Ministry of People's Industry for the installation of television sets, worth $3 million.[15]

TVRI began broadcasting advertisements starting March 1963. Later on 20 October, the Yayasan TVRI (TVRI Foundation) was formally created as the official governing authority for the station with President of Indonesia as chairman. The foundation experienced several changes and lasted until late 1990s.[citation needed]

Two years later, the first regional TVRI station opened in Yogyakarta. Later, many regional TVRI stations were opened, including stations and studios in Bandung, Semarang, Medan, Surabaya, Makassar, Manado, Batam, Palembang, Denpasar and Balikpapan. In the succeeding years, TVRI aired as a network carrying programming from Jakarta supplemented by opt-out broadcasts from the regional stations.[citation needed]

1975–1998: Under the New Order

In 1974, eight years after President Suharto took office, TVRI became a part of the Department of Information, with the status as a directorate. Its role was to inform the public about government policies. A year after, a decree instituted TVRI a dual status, as a part of the TVRI Foundation and a part of the directorate. In 1976, it began to be broadcast all over Indonesia via Palapa satellite.[citation needed]

The first colour television signal was transmitted via satellite transmission in 1979. The first colour news bulletins were Berita Nasional (National News), Dunia Dalam Berita (The World in News), breaking events segments on Laporan Khusus (Special Report) and Berita Terakhir (Latest News).

TVRI in the late 1970s and 1980s became a well-defined mass media component of the Department of Information, in early years it generating income from advertising slots. After enjoying income from advertisements for years, President Suharto in his speech abolished the advertisement on TVRI in 1981 in order to "better directing television to help the development programs and avoid negative effects that do not support the spirit of development". This policy would later be revoked after the reform era. In 1982 TVRI Tower was officially opened to broadcast a wider signal.

During the era, the government-backed TVRI progressively established television production studios and television stations in many provinces across the country. As of 1998, all provinces in Indonesia had their own TVRI regional station or production studio; including East Timor.

It was decided in February 1981 that television commercials were to be banned by April, with TVRI scheduled to lost 20 billion rupiahs ($64 million) a year. With the ban, TVRI eyed the creation of programming for rural audiences.[16]

In the 1980s the decision was made to split TVRI into two channels - Channels 6 and 8 - the latter as a test service for Jakarta and West Java viewers as well as in other areas wherein network-produced programs and foreign imports would be shared between the two channels.

On the Channel 8 basis TVRI launched its second channel TVRI Programa Dua (TVRI Programme Two) in 1989[17] to attract Jakarta urban audience, with a single English-language news program Six Thirty Report for half an hour that began at 18:30 WIB; later Programa Dua became a local channel under the name TVRI Jakarta. However, in the same year TVRI lost its monopoly when the government's sixth Five Year Plan allowed private television networks, channels, and stations to begin broadcasting, the first commercial television network being RCTI.

A fire broke out at TVRI's facilities in Jakarta on the early hours of 31 December 1985, accumulating US$2 million in losses. The blaze did not affect the playout, which was being held at a new studio in an adjacent facility. Suharto demanded an investigation about the causes.[18]

In 1994, TVRI launched its teletext service TVRI-Text, in partnership with PT Pilar Kumalajaya, about four months after RCTI launched the first teletext in the country.[19]

1998–2006: Transformation and restructurization

After the start of the reform era, especially in 2000, TVRI's status was changed. Under a service corporation (Perusahaan Jawatan or Perjan) form, it became responsible firstly to the Ministry of Finance and was then turned into a limited company under the authority of the State Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises for organizational matters and Ministry of Finance for financial matters. Under this arrangement, TVRI broadcasts in accordance with the principles of public television such as independent, neutral and public interest-oriented. Later in 2002, the status of TVRI changed again to a limited company (Perseroan Terbatas or PT), still under the two ministries.

The enactment of the Act No. 32/2002 on Broadcasting designated TVRI, along with RRI, as the public broadcasting institution (Lembaga penyiaran publik or LPP) and were removed from any direct governmental control. TVRI was given a transition period of 3 years from PT to public broadcasting form. The status then reaffirmed by Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 13/2005. TVRI officially became LPP on 18 March 2005.

2006–present: Modernization and rebranding

Following the government plan to introduce digital television in Indonesia, TVRI launched its digital broadcasting on 21 December 2010. Initially launched in Jakarta, Surabaya and Batam, TVRI also launched two digital terrestrial channels, which were the first of its kind in Indonesia: TVRI 3 (currently TVRI World) and TVRI 4 (currently TVRI Sport). The launch was attended by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Minister of Communications and Information Technology Tifatul Sembiring.[20][21]

In 2017, the TVRI board of supervisors installed a well-known television figure, Helmy Yahya as the chief director and Apni Jaya Putra (former programming director at Kompas TV and employer of SCTV, RCTI and SUN TV) as the news and programming director. During the leadership of Helmy Yahya and Apni Jaya Putra, TVRI began to remodel its programming on a large scale.

On 29 March 2019, at the concert special Menggapai Dunia (Reaching the World), TVRI adopted its new logo as a part of the rebranding efforts. The new logo was actually decided to be released in the fourth quarter of 2018, but for several reasons, it was postponed to the end of March 2019. At the same time, all TVRI regional stations have changed their logo in front of their respective studios.

In August 2019, TVRI together with two national private networks (Metro TV and Trans7) and Ministry of Communication and Information Technology officially launched digital television broadcasts for border regions in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan. With the launch, the government hoped that people in all regions of Indonesia can watch television with high quality.[22]

A proposed new Broadcasting Act currently in the making, replacing Act No. 32/2002, would merge TVRI with RRI into RTRI (Radio Televisi Republik Indonesia, Radio [and] Television of the Republic of Indonesia).[23]

Structure

TVRI is designated as public broadcasting institution per Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting, which defined as a "legal entity established by the state, independent, neutral, not commercial, and has the function to provide services for the public benefit". Its duty, according to Government Regulation No. 13 of 2005, is "to provide the healthy information, education and entertainment services, (maintain) social control and unity, and preserve the nation's culture for the whole public benefit by organizing television broadcast that reaches all parts of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia".

TVRI organization structure consists of five Board of Supervisors (Dewan Pengawas) appointed by the People's Representative Council (DPR) and six Board of Directors (Dewan Direksi) appointed by the Board of Supervisors. Both are sworn in by the President, serve for five years and renewable once. It also has an Internal Supervisory Unit (Satuan Pengawasan Intern), which reports internal finance and operational supervision to the Board of Directors.

According to article 15 of the Broadcasting Act, TVRI is funded by several sources such as broadcasting fees, annual state budget (drafted by the government and approved by the DPR), community contribution, and advertisement, as well as other legal efforts related to its broadcasting operation. In fact, as of today the broadcasting fee is yet to be implemented, and for "other legal efforts" TVRI is asked to generate "non-tax state revenue" by various funding sources besides annual state budget; such as website ads, training service, professional certification, assets rent, program production, multiplexing service, and programming royalty.[24] Previously, "television fee" has existed to supplement TVRI funding besides the government budget until the 1990s, but later abolished.

As of 2018 TVRI has approximately 4,300 employees, with an estimated 1,800 of whom being based in Jakarta. 90% of its employees are civil servants under Ministry of Communication and Information Technology,[25] though the network is not under the ministry.

Services

Channels

TVRI currently operates three national channels and a dedicated regional channel:

  • TVRI: The main channel of TVRI, it broadcasts information and educational content as well as entertainment for 24 hours a day.
  • TVRI regional station: The channel hosts TVRI regional stations by their respective on-air names. In Jakarta, TVRI Jakarta serves as a local station in both analog (until 2022) and digital terrestrial broadcast. See #Regional stations for lists.
  • TVRI World: The channel broadcasts TVRI programming in English subtitle that targeted for international audience, previously known as TVRI Kanal 3.[26]
  • TVRI Sport: The channel broadcasts sports programming as well as simulcasting live sports events from the TVRI main channel in high definition.

Regional stations

TVRI East Kalimantan Station building and transmitter in Samarinda, East Kalimantan.
TVRI South Sulawesi Station building in Makassar, South Sulawesi.
TVRI South Sumatra transmission station in Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra.

TVRI has 34 regional stations covering all provinces of Indonesia, shown below in their native names and broadcast area:

City Logo Station Founding date Headquarters Broadcast area
Sumatera TVRI Aceh 24 February 1993 Banda Aceh City, Aceh  Aceh
TVRI North Sumatera 28 December 1970 Medan City, North Sumatra  North Sumatra
TVRI West Sumatera 19 April 1997 Padang City, West Sumatra  West Sumatra
TVRI Riau 3 November 1998 Pekanbaru City, Riau  Riau
TVRI Riau Islands 2 June 1980 (began to be established as a relay broadcast from Jakarta);[27][28] 9 November 2021 (first local broadcast)

[29]

Tanjung Pinang City, Riau Islands[a]  Riau Islands
 Riau[b]
TVRI Jambi 15 April 1995 Jambi City, Jambi  Jambi
TVRI Bengkulu 3 August 1998 Bengkulu City, Bengkulu  Bengkulu
TVRI South Sumatera 31 January 1974 Palembang City, South Sumatra  South Sumatra
TVRI Bangka Belitung 21 November 2014 Pangkal Pinang City, Bangka Belitung Islands  Bangka Belitung Islands
TVRI Lampung 12 July 1991 Bandar Lampung City, Lampung  Lampung
Java TVRI Jakarta 1 January 1983 (as Programa Dua TVRI); 26 March 2007 (as TVRI Jakarta) Central Jakarta (headquarter) and West Jakarta (transmission station), Jakarta  Jakarta
 West Java[c]
 Banten[d][e]
TVRI Banten 2024 (estimated first local broadcast)[30] Serang City, Banten
TVRI West Java 11 March 1987 Bandung City, West Java  West Java[f]
TVRI Central Java 29 May 1996 Demak Regency, Central Java  Central Java
 Special Region of Yogyakarta[g]
TVRI Yogyakarta 17 August 1965 Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta
 Central Java[h]
TVRI East Java 3 March 1978 Surabaya City, East Java  East Java
Bali and Lesser Sunda TVRI Bali 16 July 1978 Denpasar City, Bali  Bali
TVRI West Nusa Tenggara 29 August 2007 Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara  West Nusa Tenggara
TVRI East Nusa Tenggara 29 July 1985 Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara  East Nusa Tenggara
Kalimantan TVRI West Kalimantan 14 September 1977 (began to be established as a relay broadcast from Jakarta); 14 September 1998 (first local broadcast) Pontianak City, West Kalimantan  West Kalimantan
TVRI Central Kalimantan 17 February 1995 Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan  Central Kalimantan
TVRI South Kalimantan 5 August 1985 Banjarmasin City, South Kalimantan  South Kalimantan
TVRI East Kalimantan 19 January 1993 Samarinda City, East Kalimantan  East Kalimantan
TVRI North Kalimantan 25 October 2021 Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan[31][i]  North Kalimantan
Sulawesi TVRI North Sulawesi 7 October 1978 Manado City, North Sulawesi  North Sulawesi
TVRI Gorontalo 13 June 2007 Gorontalo City, Gorontalo  Gorontalo
TVRI Central Sulawesi 22 December 2001 Palu City, Central Sulawesi  Central Sulawesi
TVRI Southeast Sulawesi 23 July 2007 Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi  Southeast Sulawesi
TVRI South Sulawesi 7 December 1972 Makassar City, South Sulawesi  South Sulawesi
TVRI West Sulawesi 19 August 2011 Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi  West Sulawesi
Maluku and Papua TVRI North Maluku 12 October 2023 Sofifi City, North Maluku[j]  North Maluku
TVRI Maluku 20 February 1993 Ambon City, Maluku  Maluku
TVRI West Papua 28 October 2020 Manokwari Regency, West Papua  West Papua
 Southwest Papua
TVRI Papua 23 February 1994 Jayapura City, Papua  Papua
 Central Papua
 Highland Papua
 South Papua

Notes:

  1. ^ TVRI Riau Islands broadcasts through a mini studio in Tanjungpinang City.[when?]
  2. ^ TVRI Riau Islands also covers the Riau-1 digital television service area (covering Pekanbaru City and Kampar Regency).
  3. ^ TVRI Jakarta also covers the Jabodetabek digital television service area in West Java (covering Bogor, Bekasi and surrounding areas).
  4. ^ TVRI Jakarta also covers the Jabodetabek digital television service area in Tangerang and its surroundings.
  5. ^ Reaches the province, because there is no TVRI station in the province.
  6. ^ TVRI West Java also covers the Jabodetabek digital television service area, including several areas in Jakarta.
  7. ^ TVRI Central Java also covers the Yogyakarta and Surakarta digital television service areas, which also covers the entire Yogyakarta Special Region area.
  8. ^ TVRI Yogyakarta also covers the digital television service area of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, which also includes the Greater Solo area.
  9. ^ TVRI North Kalimantan is temporarily broadcast through the North Kalimantan Governor's Office in Tanjung Selor, Bulungan Regency.
  10. ^ TVRI North Maluku is temporarily broadcasting through a mini studio at the North Maluku Governor's Office Complex, Sofifi City.

A former regional station for East Timor, TVRI Dili, ceased operation in 1999. East Timor national broadcaster RTTL currently takes its place.

Online services

TVRI currently maintain two online services. TVRI Klik, launched in 2018, is the primarily online streaming service for all TVRI channels, as well as its regional stations.[32][33] TVRI VoD is the network's video-on-demand service. Both services could be accessed from their dedicated Android and iOS apps as well as their website.

Besides TVRI Klik, the channels and regional stations streaming service can also be found on the network's official website, YouTube, and other social media where available.

TVRI has its own news portal on TVRINews.com. The portal, which is active as far as 2014,[34] has undergone several changes since.

Others

TVRI has an educational center called Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan TVRI (Pusdiklat TVRI, TVRI Educational and Training Center)[35] which provides television skill training.

TVRI also manages Studio Alam TVRI (literally "TVRI Natural Studio"), an outdoor studio in Sukmajaya, Depok, West Java. It is a green open space which is used for the production of several TVRI shows, and is also used as a recreational area for tourists. The studio complex was opened in 1987 as part of TVRI's Silver Jubilee.

Criticism and controversies

Structural problems

Main article: Public broadcasting in Indonesia § Criticism

Corruption scandals

In 2008, former TVRI President Director, Sumita Tobing was arrested due to alleged corruption in the procurement of 50 cameras worth 5.2 billion rupiah.[36] She was found guilty in 2012, and imprisoned for 1 year and 6 months in 2014.[37]

In 2013, TVRI Director of Finance Eddy Machmudi Effendi was sentenced to 8 years 6 months in prison due to a scandal involving Director of News and Programming Irwan Hendarmin and Indonesian senior comedian Mandra, regarding purchasing of programs.[38][39]

Broadcasting of political events

On 6 June 2013, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of the Muktamar Khilafah (Caliphate Conference) organized by Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta.[40] The Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) Commissioner, Idy Muzayyad assessed that TVRI as a public broadcasting institution was "experiencing national disorientation" by broadcasting this event because "HTI's ideology is questioning the state ideology and nationalism, as well as rejecting democracy"; but HTI spokesperson Ismail Yusanto says that "TVRI is a public broadcaster, and HTI is also a part of the public" and the broadcast is "a part of the public's right to be broadcast and heard".[41] TVRI was subsequently warned by KPI that they could face sanctions for the broadcast.[42]

Later on 15 September, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of the Democratic Party convention for more than 2 hours, the political party of which was founded by the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The broadcast again caused KPI sanctioning, due to the violation of political independence principle according to the law.[43] However, TVRI directors secretary manager Usi Karundeng said that the network was never intervened or paid for by the party.[44]

Dismissal of Helmy Yahya and internal chaos

On 6 December 2019, Helmy Yahya was temporarily dismissed as President Director for the 2017-2022 period by the TVRI Board of Supervisors led by Arief Hidayat Thamrin and replaced by acting President Director Supriyono. According to news sources in almost all mass media on 16 January 2020, Helmy Yahya was officially dismissed from his position by the board permanently and unilaterally, citing the "expensive" purchase of broadcast rights for the Premier League from Djarum-owned premium multi-platform network, Mola TV, a problem during Siapa Berani quiz show, and various other problems.[45][46] Despite public pushback against the dismissal, the board continued to refuse Helmy Yahya's opposition to his dismissal until the election for the new president director to replace him.[47]

On 17 January, 4,000 TVRI employees declared a motion of no confidence to the Board of Supervisors. One day before, the board's room was sealed.[48] As of 27 March 2020, another three directors (including News (Editor in Chief) and Program Director Apni Jaya Putra) were also temporarily dismissed for less than a month by the TVRI Board of Supervisors regarding the Helmy Yahya case.[49] On 13 May, all of them (including Apni) were permanently dismissed.[50]

On 27 May 2020, the TVRI Board of Supervisors appointed Indonesian advertising practitioner, journalist, and filmmaker/film director Iman Brotoseno as the new President Director for the remainder of the 2017–2022 period, replacing Helmy Yahya.[51] The appointment caused controversy thanks to his endorsement of incumbent president Joko Widodo in the 2019 election, but he stated that he "would be independent and impartial".[52] He was also criticized for his past posts on Twitter which included Indonesian colloquial terms for pornography and porn films.[53]

On 5 October 2020, the Board of Supervisors Arief Hidayat Thamrin was ultimately dismissed by first commission of People's Representative Council.[54] However, Arief was suspended from power since 11 May.[55]

Visual identity

Logo history

  • 1962–1970 (mobile and OB vans)
    1962–1970 (mobile and OB vans)
  • 1962–1970 (cameras)
    1962–1970 (cameras)
  • 1962–1978 (corporate)
    1962–1978 (corporate)
  • 1978–1983
    1978–1983
  • 1983–1999
    1983–1999
  • 1999–2001
    1999–2001
  • 2001–2003
    2001–2003
  • 2003–2007
    2003–2007
  • 2007–2019
    2007–2019
  • 2019–present
    2019–present
  • TVRI's 62nd anniversary logo
    TVRI's 62nd anniversary logo

Slogan history

  • Menjalin Persatuan dan Kesatuan (Weaving Unity and Unitary, 1962–2001)
  • Makin Dekat Di Hati (Going Closer to The Heart, 2001–2003)
  • Semangat Baru (New Spirit, 2003–2012)
  • Saluran Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Channel, 2012–2019)
  • Media Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Media, 2019–present)

Test cards

TVRI discontinued all test cards upon introducing a 24/7 schedule on TVRI Nasional in 2021. Some other TVRI channels still do not broadcast round-the-clock like TVRI Bali during Nyepi (Balinese day of silence).

See also

References

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  2. ^ Ndolu, Frederik (2009). "Presentation 3: PUBLIC BROADCASTING IN INDONESIA". Japan Media Communication Center. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  3. ^ TVRI Nasional (2020). "Ucapan Selamat HUT ke-58 TVRI dari Direktur Utama LPP TVRI, Iman Brotoseno..." Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020 – via Instagram.
  4. ^ Faisal, Abdu (2020). "TVRI resmikan stasiun ke-30 di Papua Barat pada Sumpah Pemuda". Antaranews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  5. ^ "Armando", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2003, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004082, retrieved 4 June 2020
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  11. ^ Djamal, Hidajanto; Fachruddin, Andi (2 January 2017). Dasar-dasar Penyiaran: Sejarah, Organisasi, Operasional, dan Regulasi: Edisi 2. Prenada Media. ISBN 9786024223557. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
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  15. ^ "8 TV SETS IN 60 SECONDS". The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB). 1 June 1963. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  16. ^ "Advertising ban will cost Indonesian TV station $64 m a year". The New Nation (retrieved from NLB). 7 February 1981. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  17. ^ Kitley, Philip (2000). Television, Nation and Culture in Indonesia. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. p. 349. ISBN 9780896804173. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
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  23. ^ Saragih, Bagus BT (2015). "RRI, TVRI: The forgotten agents of change". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
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Further reading

  • Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia (1999) Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook (No ISBN)
  • Schwartz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-635-2

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI