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[[Image:Mass-Community Health Teaching.JPG|thumb|Awareness raising through education is taking place among young girls to modify or eliminate the practice of chaupadi in Nepal.]] |
[[Image:Mass-Community Health Teaching.JPG|thumb|Awareness raising through education is taking place among young girls to modify or eliminate the practice of chaupadi in Nepal.]] |
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'''Chhaupadi''' ({{lang-ne|छाउपडी}} {{Audio|Chhaupadi.ogg|Listen}}) is a social tradition associated with the [[menstrual taboo]] in the western part of [[Nepal]]. The tradition prohibits [[Hindu]] women from participating in normal family activities while [[menstruation|menstruating]], as they are considered "impure". |
'''Chhaupadi''' ({{lang-ne|छाउपडी}} {{Audio|Chhaupadi.ogg|Listen}}) is a social tradition associated with the [[menstrual taboo]] in the western part of [[Nepal]]. The tradition prohibits [[Hindu]] women and girls from participating in normal family activities while [[menstruation|menstruating]], as they are considered "impure". |
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During menstruation, women are kept out of the house and have to live in a cattle shed or a makeshift hut. This period of time lasts between ten and eleven days when an adolescent girl has her first period; thereafter, the duration is between four and seven days each month. [[Childbirth in Nepal|Childbirth]] also results in a ten to eleven-day confinement.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During this time, women are forbidden to touch men or even to enter the courtyard of their own homes. They are barred from consuming milk, yogurt, butter, meat, and other nutritious foods, for fear they will forever mar those goods. The women must survive on a diet of dry foods, salt, and rice. They cannot use warm blankets and are allowed only a small rug; most commonly, this is made of [[jute]] (also known as [[burlap]]). They are also restricted from going to school or performing daily functions like [[bathing|taking a bath]]. |
}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During this time, women are forbidden to touch men or even to enter the courtyard of their own homes. They are barred from consuming milk, yogurt, butter, meat, and other nutritious foods, for fear they will forever mar those goods. The women must survive on a diet of dry foods, salt, and rice. They cannot use warm blankets and are allowed only a small rug; most commonly, this is made of [[jute]] (also known as [[burlap]]). They are also restricted from going to school or performing daily functions like [[bathing|taking a bath]]. |
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==Origin== |
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==Dangerous practice causing recurring deaths== |
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The practice of chhaupadi originates from the [[superstition]] that [[menstruation]] causes women to be temporarily impure, based on the myth that [[Indra]] created menstruation as a means to distribute a [[curse]] <ref>{{Cite book|title=Second International Conference of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV)|last=Jaishankar|first=K.|publisher=South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology|year=2013|isbn=9788190668750|location=Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India|pages=142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-menstruation-and-the-religious-taboos-for-women-2152434|title=Menstruation and the religious taboos for women|last=Gupta|first=Gargi|date=Dec 6, 2015|website=dna|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref>. In this superstitious logic, if a menstruating woman touches a tree, it will never again bear fruit; if she consumes milk, the cow will not give any more milk; if she reads a book, [[Saraswati]], the goddess of education, will become angry; if she touches a man, he will be ill. |
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| ⚫ | Women have died while performing the practice, including two young women in late 2016 who died from smoke inhalation and "[[carbon monoxide poisoning]]" from lighting fires to heat secluded makeshift shelters, huts and sheds during cold weather; this was a common cause of death in poorly ventilated huts. Rape, snakebites and wild animal attacks were other common causes of death of banished women practising Chhaupadi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/a-nepali-teen-on-her-period-died-after-being-banished-to-a-hut|title=A 15-Year-Old Girl Died When She Was Banished to a Hut for Menstruating|last=McNamara|first=Brittney|newspaper=Teen Vogue|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>Evelyn Nieves, [http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/in-nepal-monthly-exile-for-women/ "In Nepal, Monthly Exile for Women"], ''[[New York Times]]'' "Lens", Jan. 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/20/506306964/15-year-old-girl-found-dead-in-a-menstrual-hut-in-nepal "15-Year-Old Girl Found Dead In A Menstrual Hut In Nepal"], ''[[NPR]]'', Dec. 20, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2017/03/menstruation-rituals-nepal/ "The Risky Lives of Women Sent Into Exile—For Menstruating"], ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'', March 10, 2017.</ref> |
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== Health and Safety Risks == |
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==Age-old superstition tied to local culture== |
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| ⚫ | Women have died while performing the practice, including two young women in late 2016 who died from smoke inhalation and "[[carbon monoxide poisoning]]" from lighting fires to heat secluded makeshift shelters, huts and sheds during cold weather; this was a common cause of death in poorly ventilated huts. Rape, snakebites and wild animal attacks were other common causes of death of banished women practising Chhaupadi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/a-nepali-teen-on-her-period-died-after-being-banished-to-a-hut|title=A 15-Year-Old Girl Died When She Was Banished to a Hut for Menstruating|last=McNamara|first=Brittney|newspaper=Teen Vogue|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref><ref>Evelyn Nieves, [http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/in-nepal-monthly-exile-for-women/ "In Nepal, Monthly Exile for Women"], ''[[New York Times]]'' "Lens", Jan. 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/12/20/506306964/15-year-old-girl-found-dead-in-a-menstrual-hut-in-nepal "15-Year-Old Girl Found Dead In A Menstrual Hut In Nepal"], ''[[NPR]]'', Dec. 20, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2017/03/menstruation-rituals-nepal/ "The Risky Lives of Women Sent Into Exile—For Menstruating"], ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'', March 10, 2017.</ref> |
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This system comes from the [[superstition]] of impurity during the [[menstruation]] period. In this superstitious logic, if a menstruating woman touches a tree, it will never again bear fruit; if she consumes milk, the cow will not give any more milk; if she reads a book, [[Saraswati]], the goddess of education, will become angry; if she touches a man, he will be ill. |
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== Legislation == |
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== Illegality of the practice == |
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Chhaupadi was outlawed by the [[Supreme Court of Nepal]] in 2005, but the tradition has been slow to change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&publisher=IRIN&type=&coi=NPL&docid=4e3f7ae82&skip=0|publisher=Integrated Regional Information Networks|accessdate=13 June 2013|date=3 August 2011}}</ref> In 2017, Nepal passed a law punishing people who force women into exile during menstruating with up to three months in jail or a fine of 3,000 Nepalese rupees.<ref>{{cite web |author=By roshan sedhai, associated press |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/nepal-strengthens-laws-dowry-menstrual-exile-49129803 |title=Nepal strengthens laws against dowry, menstrual exile - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=2012-09-20 |accessdate=2017-08-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810093058/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/nepal-strengthens-laws-dowry-menstrual-exile-49129803 |archivedate=2017-08-10 |df= }}</ref> |
Chhaupadi was outlawed by the [[Supreme Court of Nepal]] in 2005, but the tradition has been slow to change.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&publisher=IRIN&type=&coi=NPL&docid=4e3f7ae82&skip=0|publisher=Integrated Regional Information Networks|accessdate=13 June 2013|date=3 August 2011}}</ref> In 2017, Nepal passed a law punishing people who force women into exile during menstruating with up to three months in jail or a fine of 3,000 Nepalese rupees.<ref>{{cite web |author=By roshan sedhai, associated press |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/nepal-strengthens-laws-dowry-menstrual-exile-49129803 |title=Nepal strengthens laws against dowry, menstrual exile - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=2012-09-20 |accessdate=2017-08-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810093058/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/nepal-strengthens-laws-dowry-menstrual-exile-49129803 |archivedate=2017-08-10 |df= }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:42, 31 July 2018
Chhaupadi (Template:Lang-ne ⓘ) is a social tradition associated with the menstrual taboo in the western part of Nepal. The tradition prohibits Hindu women and girls from participating in normal family activities while menstruating, as they are considered "impure".
During menstruation, women are kept out of the house and have to live in a cattle shed or a makeshift hut. This period of time lasts between ten and eleven days when an adolescent girl has her first period; thereafter, the duration is between four and seven days each month. Childbirth also results in a ten to eleven-day confinement.[1] During this time, women are forbidden to touch men or even to enter the courtyard of their own homes. They are barred from consuming milk, yogurt, butter, meat, and other nutritious foods, for fear they will forever mar those goods. The women must survive on a diet of dry foods, salt, and rice. They cannot use warm blankets and are allowed only a small rug; most commonly, this is made of jute (also known as burlap). They are also restricted from going to school or performing daily functions like taking a bath.
Origin
The practice of chhaupadi originates from the superstition that menstruation causes women to be temporarily impure, based on the myth that Indra created menstruation as a means to distribute a curse [2][3]. In this superstitious logic, if a menstruating woman touches a tree, it will never again bear fruit; if she consumes milk, the cow will not give any more milk; if she reads a book, Saraswati, the goddess of education, will become angry; if she touches a man, he will be ill.
Health and Safety Risks
Women have died while performing the practice, including two young women in late 2016 who died from smoke inhalation and "carbon monoxide poisoning" from lighting fires to heat secluded makeshift shelters, huts and sheds during cold weather; this was a common cause of death in poorly ventilated huts. Rape, snakebites and wild animal attacks were other common causes of death of banished women practising Chhaupadi.[4][5][6][7]
Legislation
Chhaupadi was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Nepal in 2005, but the tradition has been slow to change.[8] In 2017, Nepal passed a law punishing people who force women into exile during menstruating with up to three months in jail or a fine of 3,000 Nepalese rupees.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Ghimire, Laxmi (May 2005). "Unclean & Unseen" (PDF). Student BMJ. Retrieved December 3, 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jaishankar, K. (2013). Second International Conference of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV). Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India: South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology. p. 142. ISBN 9788190668750.
- ^ Gupta, Gargi (Dec 6, 2015). "Menstruation and the religious taboos for women". dna. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ McNamara, Brittney. "A 15-Year-Old Girl Died When She Was Banished to a Hut for Menstruating". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ Evelyn Nieves, "In Nepal, Monthly Exile for Women", New York Times "Lens", Jan. 5, 2017.
- ^ "15-Year-Old Girl Found Dead In A Menstrual Hut In Nepal", NPR, Dec. 20, 2016.
- ^ "The Risky Lives of Women Sent Into Exile—For Menstruating", National Geographic, March 10, 2017.
- ^ "Nepal: Emerging from menstrual quarantine". Integrated Regional Information Networks. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
- ^ By roshan sedhai, associated press (2012-09-20). "Nepal strengthens laws against dowry, menstrual exile - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)