Help:IPA/Russian: Difference between revisions

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Russian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian. For a list of common pronunciation errors, see Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages § Russian. See Russian alphabet for help converting spelling to pronunciation.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.

Consonants
Hard			Soft
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
b	бок^ⓘ	boot	bʲ	бе́лый^ⓘ	beautiful
d	дать^ⓘ	do	dʲ	де́ло^ⓘ	dew (UK)
f	фо́рма^ⓘ; вы́ставка^ⓘ;^[1] бо́ров^ⓘ^[2]	fool	fʲ	фина́л^ⓘ; кровь^ⓘ^[2]	few
ɡ	год^ⓘ^[3]^[4]	goo	ɡʲ	геро́й^ⓘ	argue
—			j	есть^ⓘ [je-]; ёж^ⓘ [jo-]; юг^ⓘ [ju-]; я^ⓘ [ja]; майо́р^ⓘ^[5]	yes, York, you, yard, boy
k	кость^ⓘ; флаг^ⓘ^[2]	scar	kʲ	кино́^ⓘ	skew
l	луна́^ⓘ^[6]	pill	lʲ	лес^ⓘ; боль^ⓘ	lean
m	мы́ло^ⓘ	moot	mʲ	мя́со^ⓘ	mute
n	нос^ⓘ	noon	nʲ	нёс^ⓘ; день^ⓘ	newt (for some dialects)
p	под^ⓘ; зуб^ⓘ^[2]	span	pʲ	пе́пел^ⓘ; зыбь^ⓘ^[2]	spew
r	раз^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish	rʲ	ряд^ⓘ; зверь^ⓘ	flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish
s	соба́ка^ⓘ; глаз^ⓘ^[2]	soup	sʲ	си́ний^ⓘ; здесь^ⓘ; есть^ⓘ; грызть^ⓘ^[1]	assume (for some dialects)
ʂ	широ́кий^ⓘ; муж^ⓘ^[2]; что^ⓘ^[7]	rush	ɕː	щека́^ⓘ; счита́ть^ⓘ; мужчи́на^ⓘ^[8]^[9]	wish sheep
t	то^ⓘ; во́дка^ⓘ;^[1] лёд^ⓘ^[2]	stand	tʲ	тень^ⓘ; дитя́^ⓘ; грудь^ⓘ^[2]	stew (UK; for some dialects)
ts^[10]	цена́^ⓘ^[9]	cats	tɕ^[10]	чай^ⓘ; течь^ⓘ^[9]	chip
v	вы^ⓘ; его́^[4]	voodoo	vʲ	весь^ⓘ	view
x	ход^ⓘ; Бог^ⓘ^[3]^[9]	loch (Scottish)	xʲ	хи́трый^ⓘ; лёгкий^ⓘ^[1]^[3]^[9]	huge (for some dialects)
z	зуб^ⓘ	zoo	zʲ	зима́^ⓘ; про́сьба^ⓘ^[1]	azure (for some dialects)
ʐ	жест^ⓘ	rouge	ʑː	по́зже^ⓘ^[11]	prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	трава́^ⓘ	father	æ	пять^ⓘ^[12]	pat (US)
ɛ	жест^ⓘ; э́тот^ⓘ	met	e	пень^ⓘ; э́тика^ⓘ^[12]	penny
ɨ	ты^ⓘ; ши́шка^ⓘ; с и́грами	roses (for some dialects)	i	ли́ния^ⓘ; и́ли^ⓘ	meet
o	о́блако^ⓘ	chore	ɵ	тётя^ⓘ^[12]	bird (non-rhotic)
u	пу́ля^ⓘ	boot	ʉ	чуть^ⓘ; лю́ди^ⓘ^[12]	choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft]			[+soft]
IPA	Examples	English approximation	IPA	Examples	English approximation
ɐ	облака́^ⓘ; како́й^ⓘ; сообража́ть^ⓘ; тропа́^ⓘ^[13]	bud	—
ə	ко́жа^ⓘ; о́блако^ⓘ; се́рдце^ⓘ	about	ə	во́ля^ⓘ; сего́дня^ⓘ; по́ле^ⓘ^[14]	lasagna
ɨ	дыша́ть^ⓘ; жена́^ⓘ; во́ды^ⓘ; эта́п^ⓘ	roses (for some dialects)	ɪ	лиса́^ⓘ; четы́ре^ⓘ; тяжёлый^ⓘ; де́вять^ⓘ	bit
ʊ	мужчи́на^ⓘ	put	ʉ	чуде́сный^ⓘ^[12]	youth
ɛ	тетра́эдр; поэте́сса^[15]	met	—
o	ра́дио^ⓘ; поэте́сса^[15]	chore	—
Suprasegmental
IPA	Example		Explanation
ˈ	четы́ре^ⓘ [t͡ɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]		Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː	сза́ди^ⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ]^[1]		Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
^ a b c ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди and Бог, and in the interjections ага́, ого́, го́споди, ей-бо́гу, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
^ a b Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня, сего́дняшний, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present in fluent speech. Letter ⟨и⟩ produce iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
^ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
^ a b c d e [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], [xʲ] have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ], [ɣʲ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм, начди́в, дочь бы, вещдо́к, трехдне́вный.
^ ^a ^b The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дрожжи or заезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ] respectively between palatalized consonants; /e/ is realized as [e] after, before and between palatalized consonants; and /o/ becomes [ɵ] between palatalized consonants.
^ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
^ ^a ^b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

References

Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

[voice-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).

[devoice-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).

[g2-3] ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́споди^ⓘ and Бог^ⓘ, and in the interjections ага́^ⓘ, ого́^ⓘ, го́споди^ⓘ, ей-бо́гу^ⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.

[g-4] Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дня^ⓘ, сего́дняшний^ⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).

[5] The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present in fluent speech. Letter ⟨и⟩ produce iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.

[6] /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).

[7] Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.

[щ-8] ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.

[dz-9] [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], [xʲ] have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ], [ɣʲ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм^ⓘ, начди́в, дочь бы, вещдо́к, трехдне́вный.

[tie-10] The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.

[11] Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дрожжи or заезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).

[palatalized_vowel-12] Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ] respectively between palatalized consonants; /e/ is realized as [e] after, before and between palatalized consonants; and /o/ becomes [ɵ] between palatalized consonants.

[13] Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.

[14] Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).

[foreign-15] In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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[15]

@@ Line 167: / Line 167: @@
 | f'''a'''ther
 | style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA link|æ}}</big>
-| {{audio-lang|Ru-пять.ogg|ru|п'''я'''ть|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel">Vowels are [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|fronted]] and/or [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered vowels|raised]] in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ]}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA|/o/}} becomes {{IPA|[ɵ]}} after and between palatalized consonants.</ref>
+| {{audio-lang|Ru-пять.ogg|ru|п'''я'''ть|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel">Vowels are [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|fronted]] and/or [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered vowels|raised]] in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ]}} respectively between palatalized consonants; {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} after, before and between palatalized consonants; and {{IPA|/o/}} becomes {{IPA|[ɵ]}} between palatalized consonants.</ref>
 | p'''a'''t (US)
 |-

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Help:IPA/Russian: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:50, 9 June 2018

Notes

References