Kipchak languages: Difference between revisions

Kipchak
Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
Geographic; distribution	—
Ethnicity	Kipchaks
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak; ;
Subdivisions	Kipchak–Bolgar; Kipchak–Cuman; Kipchak–Nogai; Kyrgyz–Kipchak;
Language codes
Glottolog	kipc1239
	Kipchak–Bolgar Kipchak–Cuman Kipchak–Nogai and Kyrgyz–Kipchak

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, or Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 25 million people in an area spanning from Ukraine to China.

Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h sound (preserved only in Khalaj. See above example.)

Unique features

Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") ^{[citation needed]}
Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups, based on geography and shared features:^[1] Languages in bold are still spoken today.

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Kipchak	Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)	Bashkir Tatar
			Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)	Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Karaim Krymchak Urum Crimean Tatar Cuman †
			Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)	Kazakh Karakalpak Siberian Tatar Nogai
			Kyrgyz–Kipchak–Kyrgyz	Kyrgyz
			South Kipchak	Fergana Kipchak †

Note: Kipchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.

References

^ Cite error: The named reference Glottolog was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Bibliography

Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

[Glottolog-1] Cite error: The named reference Glottolog was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1]

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ==Classification==
+The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups, based on geography and shared features:<ref name="Glottolog" /> Languages in '''bold''' are still spoken today.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|  rowspan="5" bgcolor="#d1ebeb" | [[Proto-Turkic]]
+|  rowspan="5" bgcolor="#d6e1ec" | [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
+|  rowspan="5" bgcolor="#e4e0f0" | '''[[Kipchak language|Kipchak]]'''
+|  colspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kipchak–Bulgar''' (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)
+|
+*'''[[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]'''
+*'''[[Tatar language|Tatar]]'''
+|-
+|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kipchak–Cuman''' (Ponto-Caspian)
+|
+*'''[[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]]'''
+*'''[[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]'''
+*'''[[Karaim language|Karaim]]'''
+*'''[[Krymchak language|Krymchak]]'''
+*'''[[Urum language|Urum]]'''
+*'''[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]'''
+*[[Cuman language|Cuman]] †
+|-
+|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kipchak–Nogai''' (Aralo-Caspian)
+|
+*'''[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]'''
+*'''[[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]'''
+*'''[[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]]'''
+*'''[[Nogai language|Nogai]]'''
+|-
+|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kyrgyz–Kipchak–Kyrgyz'''
+|
+*'''[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]'''
+|-
+|  rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''South Kipchak'''
+|
+*[[Fergana Kipchak language|Fergana Kipchak]] †
+|}
+*Note: Kipchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by [[Oghuz languages]].
-The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups, based on geography and shared features:<ref name="Glottolog" />
-*'''Kipchak–Bulgar''' (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian): [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]]
-*'''Kipchak–Cuman''' (Ponto-Caspian): [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], [[Kipchak language|Kipchak]] †, [[Cuman language|Cuman]] †. [[Urum language|Urum]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] appear to have a Kipchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by [[Oghuz languages]].
-*'''Kipchak–Nogai''' (Aralo-Caspian): [[Nogai language|Nogai]], [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]].
-*'''Kyrgyz–Kipchak''': [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
-*'''South''': [[Fergana Kipchak language|Fergana Kipchak]] †
-The language of the [[Mamluk]]s in [[Egypt]] appears to have been a Kipchak language, probably one belonging to the Kipchak–Cuman group.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}
 ==See also==

Fahrer / Team für die Suche eingeben: