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French language in the United States: Difference between revisions

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* [[Quebec, Canada]]
* [[Quebec, Canada]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[Louisiana French]]
* [[Louisiana Creole]]
* [[Cajun French]]
* [[Louisiana Creole French]]
* [[Missouri French]]
* [[Missouri French]]
* [[New England French]]
* [[New England French]]

Revision as of 15:50, 22 April 2013

For French people in the United States, see French American.
French language in the United States. Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6–12% of the population speak French at home; brown, 12–18%; red, over 18%. The census response "Cajun" and French-based creole languages are not included

The French language is spoken as a minority language in the United States. According to year 2000 census figures, 1.6 million Americans over the age of five speak the language at home,[1] making French the fourth most-spoken language in the nation behind English, Spanish, and Chinese (when both the Cantonese and Mandarin dialects are combined).[2] Three major varieties of French developed in the United States: Louisiana French, spoken in Louisiana; New England French (a local variant of Canadian French spoken in New England); and the nearly extinct Missouri French, historically spoken in Missouri and Illinois. More recently, French has also been carried to various parts of the nation via immigration from Francophone regions. Today, French is the second most-spoken language in four states: Louisiana, and the three northern New England states of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont.

French ancestry

Approximately 9,447,000 people claimed French ancestry according to 2008 figures.

Dialects and varieties

Bilingual road sign in Louisiana

There are three major groups of French dialects that emerged in what is now the United States: Louisiana French, Missouri French, and New England French (essentially a variant of Canadian French).[3]

Louisiana French is itself traditionally divided into three dialects, Colonial French, Louisiana Creole French, and Cajun French.[4][5] Colonial French is traditionally said to have been the form of French spoken in the early days of settlement in the lower Mississippi River valley, and was once the language of the educated land-owning classes. Cajun French, derived from Acadian French, is said to have been introduced with the arrival of Acadian exiles in the 17th century. The Acadians, the francophone inhabitants of Acadia (modern Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and northern Maine), were expelled from their homeland between 1755 and 1763 by the British. Many Acadians settled in lower Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns (a corruption of "Acadians"). Their dialect was regarded as the typical language of white lower classes, while Louisiana Creole French developed as the language of the black community. Today, most linguists regard Colonial French to have largely merged with Cajun, while Louisiana Creole remains a distinct variety.[5]

Missouri French was spoken by the descendants of 17th-century French settlers in east central Missouri, then called Haute-Lousiane (Upper Louisiana), especially in the area of Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, and in Washington County. In the 1930s there were said to be about 600 French-speaking families in the Old Mines region between De Soto and Potosi.[6] By the late 20th century the dialect was nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.[4]

New England French, essentially a local variety of Canadian French, is spoken in parts of the New England states. This area has a legacy of significant immigration from Canada, especially during the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Some Americans of French heritage who have lost the language are currently attempting to revive it.[7][8]

Ernest F. Haden identifies the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania (Covington Township) as a distinct dialect of North American French.[9] "While the French enclave of Frenchville, Pennsylvania first received attention in the late 1960s, the variety of French spoken has not been the subject of systematic linguistic study. Haden reports that the geographical origin of its settlers is central France, as was also the case of New Orleans, but with settlement being more recent (1830-1840). He also reports that in the 1960s French seemed to be on the verge of extinction in the community."[10]

Newer Francophone immigrants

In Florida, the city of Miami is home to a large Francophone community, consisting of French expatriates, Haitians (Haitians speaking Haitian Creole, which is derived mostly from French), and French Canadians; there is also a growing community of Francophone Africans in and around Orlando and Tampa. A small but sustaining French community that originated in San Francisco during the Gold Rush and was supplemented by French wine-making immigrants to the Bay Area is centered culturally around that city's French Quarter.

Francophone tourists and retirees

Many retired individuals from Quebec have moved either to Florida or Hawaii, or at least spend the winter there. Also, the many Canadians who travel to the Southeastern states in the winter and spring include a number Francophones, mostly from Quebec but also from New Brunswick and Ontario. Quebecers also tend to visit Louisiana, as Quebec and Louisiana share a number of cultural ties.

Language study

French has traditionally been the foreign language of choice for English-speakers across the globe. While remaining so in Canada, Great Britain and Ireland, the distinction has since been claimed by Spanish in the United States – probably a consequence of heavy immigration from, and increased general interest in, Latin America. French is currently the second-most studied foreign language in the US, behind Spanish and ahead of German.[11] Most U.S. high schools and universities offer French-language courses, and degree programs in the language are common. As a rule, the French taught in American classrooms is that of France, as opposed to Canadian French, despite the geographic proximity of Canada to the United States. This can cause confusion when U.S. students attempt to speak French in Canada, as there are significant dialectal differences between the two; although the differences are fortunately minimized if formal French is used, informal conversational Quebec French can be challenging for Americans and other non-Canadians to understand.[citation needed] However, the written form of French in Quebec is the same as in France and other parts of Europe.

In the fall of 2009, 216,419 American university students were enrolled in French courses, the second-highest total of any language (behind Spanish).[12]

Francophone communities

More than 1,000 inhabitants

Fewer than 1,000 inhabitants

Counties and parishes with the highest proportion of French-speakers

Note: speakers of French-based creole languages are not included in percentages.

Seasonal migrations

Florida, California, New York, Texas, Louisiana, Arizona, Hawaii, and a few other popular resort regions (most notably Old Orchard Beach, Maine, Kennebunk and Kennebunkport, Maine and Cape May, New Jersey) are visited in large numbers by Québécois, during winter and summer vacations.

French place-names

Main article: List of U.S. place names of French origin

French Newspapers in the United States

French radio stations in the United States

  • WSRF (AM 1580), Miami area
  • WYGG (FM 88.1), central New Jersey
  • KBON (FM 101.1), southern Louisiana (spoken programming is English, but features French language music)
  • KJEF (AM 1290), southern Louisiana (spoken programming is English, but features French language music)
  • KLCL (AM 1470), southern Louisiana (spoken programming is English, but features French language music)
  • KRVS (FM 88.7), southern Louisiana (variety of programming in English and French)

French schools in the United States

See also

References

  1. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2003). "Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  2. ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov.
  3. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved September 3, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Ammon, Ulrich (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. p. 307. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved September 3, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b "What is Cajun French?". Department of French Studies, Louisiana State University. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  6. ^ "Creole Dialect of Missouri". J.-M. Carrière, American Speech, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Apr., 1939), pp. 109-119
  7. ^ French Language Reacquisition, retrieved May 14, 2009
  8. ^ Amy Calder. Film examines revival of French language, culture, CentralMaine.com, November 18, 2002, retrieved May 14, 2009
  9. ^ Haden, Ernest F. 1973. "French dialect geography in North America." In Thomas A. Sebeok (Ed). Current trends in linguistics. The Hague: Mouton, 10.422-439.
  10. ^ King, Ruth. 2000. The Lexical Basis of Grammatical Borrowing: A Prince Edward Island French Case Study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 5. See also http://vorlon.case.edu/~flm/flm/Frenchville/Frenchville.html
  11. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca. "By The Numbers: Most Popular Foreign Languages". Forbes.
  12. ^ http://www.mla.org/pdf/2009_enrollment_survey_pr.pdf
  13. ^ Audubon Charter School
  14. ^ Dallas International School
  15. ^ École Bilingue de la Nouvelle Orléans
  16. ^ THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF LOUISIANA
  17. ^ [1][dead link‍]
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F551647988