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Savant syndrome: Difference between revisions

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The source, "Psychology in Action" never discusses about a person with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder as exhibiting exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field. It only discusses about those with mental retardation.
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'''Savant syndrome''' is a condition in which a person with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder,<ref name=Treffert/><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9990844 | title=The Savant Syndrome: Intellectual impairment and exceptional skill. | author=Miller, Leon K. | journal=Psychological Bulletin | year=1999 | volume=125 | issue=1 | pages=31-46}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289603001119 | title=Comparing the intelligence profiles of savant and nonsavant individuals with autistic disorder | author=Sven Bölte, Fritz Poustka | journal=Intelligence | year=2004 | volume=32 | pages=121–131 | doi=10.1016/j.intell.2003.11.002}}</ref> exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field.<ref>''Psychology in Action Eighth Edition'', John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2007), p. 314. Retrieved 2012-12-4.</ref> People with savant syndrome may have neurodevelopmental disorders, notably [[autism spectrum]] disorders and/or brain injuries, but can demonstrate profound and [[child prodigy|prodigious]] capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. In spite of the name "[[syndrome]]", it is not recognized as a [[mental disorder]] nor as part of mental disorder in medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm</ref> or the [[DSM-IV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR|url=http://behavenet.com/apa-diagnostic-classification-dsm-iv-tr#301|work=BehaveNet|publisher=BehaveNet Inc|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref>
'''Savant syndrome''' is a condition in which a person with [[mental retardation]] exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field.<ref>''Psychology in Action Eighth Edition'', John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2007), p. 314. Retrieved 2012-12-4.</ref> People with savant syndrome may have neurodevelopmental disorders, notably [[autism spectrum]] disorders and/or brain injuries, but can demonstrate profound and [[child prodigy|prodigious]] capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. In spite of the name "[[syndrome]]", it is not recognized as a [[mental disorder]] nor as part of mental disorder in medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm</ref> or the [[DSM-IV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR|url=http://behavenet.com/apa-diagnostic-classification-dsm-iv-tr#301|work=BehaveNet|publisher=BehaveNet Inc|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref>


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==

Revision as of 15:47, 28 December 2012

Savant syndrome is a condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brilliance in some limited field.[1] People with savant syndrome may have neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders and/or brain injuries, but can demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. In spite of the name "syndrome", it is not recognized as a mental disorder nor as part of mental disorder in medical manuals such as the ICD-10[2] or the DSM-IV.[3]

Characteristics

According to psychiatrist Darold Treffert, almost all savants have prodigious memory which he describes as "very deep, but exceedingly narrow". It is narrow in the sense that savants may exhibit exceptional memory but have difficulty putting it to use. Savant skills are usually found in one or more of five major areas: art, musical abilities, calendar calculation, mathematics and spatial skills.[4]

Mechanism

Savant syndrome is poorly understood. No widely accepted cognitive theory explains savants' combination of talent and deficit.[5] It has been suggested that individuals with autism are biased towards detail-focused processing and that this cognitive style predisposes individuals either with or without autism to savant talents.[6] Another hypothesis is that savants hyper-systemize, thereby giving an impression of talent. Hyper-systemizing is an extreme state in the empathizing–systemizing theory that classifies people based on their skills in empathizing with others versus systemizing facts about the external world.[7] Also, the attention to detail shown by many savants is a consequence of enhanced perception or sensory hypersensitivity in these unique individuals.[7][8] It has also been confirmed that some savants operate by directly accessing low-level, less-processed information that exists in all human brains but is normally unavailable to conscious awareness.[9]

Epidemiology

  • There is no agreement about how many people have savant skills. The estimates range from "exceedingly rare"[10] to one in ten people with autism having savant skills in varying degrees.[4]
  • 50% of savants have autism; the other 50% often have psychological disorders or mental illnesses.[4]
  • Some prodigious savants have very significant disorder and disability. Examples include Richard Wawro, Henriett Seth F., and Jonathan Lerman.

A 2009 British study of 137 parents of autistic children found that 28% believe their offspring met the criteria for a savant skill, defined as a skill or power "at a level that would be unusual even for normal people".[11]

  • As many as 50 cases of Sudden or Acquired Savant Syndrome are currently profiled.[12]

History

The term idiot savant (French for "learned idiot" or "knowledgeable idiot") was first used to describe the condition in 1887 by John Langdon Down, who is known for his description of Down Syndrome. The term "idiot savant" was later described as a misnomer because not all reported cases fit the definition of idiot, originally used for a person with a very severe mental retardation. The term autistic savant was also used as a diagnosis for this disorder. Like idiot savant, the term autistic savant also became looked at as a misnomer because only one-half of those who were diagnosed at the time with savant syndrome were autistic. Upon realization of the need for accuracy of diagnosis and dignity towards the individual, the term savant syndrome became widely accepted terminology.[4][10]

Society and culture

Prodigious savants

See also: Historical figures sometimes considered autistic

A prodigious savant is someone with a skill level equivalent to or greater than that of a prodigy, regardless of any cognitive disability. The most common trait of prodigious savants is their seemingly limitless mnemonic skills, with many having eidetic or photographic memories. Prodigious savants are extremely rare, with fewer than one hundred noted in more than a century of literature on the subject. Treffert estimates that fewer than fifty or so such individuals are alive today.

Notable savants

The following are well-known people with savant syndrome, noted for their talent in their identified fields:

3

See also

References

  1. ^ Psychology in Action Eighth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2007), p. 314. Retrieved 2012-12-4.
  2. ^ http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
  3. ^ "APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR". BehaveNet. BehaveNet Inc. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d Treffert DA (2009). "The savant syndrome: an extraordinary condition. A synopsis: past, present, future" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1351–1357. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0326. PMC 2677584. PMID 19528017. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Pring L (2005). "Savant talent". Dev Med Child Neurol. 47 (7): 500–503. doi:10.1017/S0012162205000976. PMID 15991873.
  6. ^ Happé F, Vital P (2009). "What aspects of autism predispose to talent?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1369–1375. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0332. PMC 2677590. PMID 19528019. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b Baron-Cohen S, Ashwin E, Ashwin C, Tavassoli T, Chakrabarti B (2009). "Talent in autism: hyper-systemizing, hyper-attention to detail and sensory hypersensitivity" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1377–1383. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0337. PMC 2677592. PMID 19528020. Retrieved 2009-06-08.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Mottron L, Dawson M, Soulières I (2009). "Enhanced perception in savant syndrome: patterns, structure and creativity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1385–1391. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0333. PMC 2677591. PMID 19528021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Snyder A (2009). "Explaining and inducing savant skills: privileged access to lower level, less-processed information". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1399–1405. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0290. PMC 2677578. PMID 19528023. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/drhiles/Savant%20Syndrome.htm
  11. ^ Howlin P, Goode S, Hutton J, Rutter M (2009). "Savant skills in autism: psychometric approaches and parental reports". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 364 (1522): 1359–1367. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0328. PMC 2677586. PMID 19528018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Yant-Kinney, Monica (2012-08-20). "An artist is born after car crash". The Inquirer. Philadelphia. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  13. ^ Treffert, Darold. "Alonzo Clemons – Genius Among Us". Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  14. ^ Treffert, Darold. "Tony DeBlois – A Prodigious Musical Savant". Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  15. ^ http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sss/depts/sociology/commstaff/jasonhughes
  16. ^ a b Treffert, Darold A. and Gregory L. Wallace (2003). "Islands of Genius" (PDF). Scientific American, Inc. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  17. ^ Jonathan Lerman:
  18. ^ Derek Paravicini:
  19. ^ The Grand Rapids Press. "'Anthony's Prayers': A simple book by Grand Rapids' Anthony Torrone, a grateful survivor". Mlive.com. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
  20. ^ http://www.silive.com/worship/2012/01/my_lord_savior_god_helped_me_s.html
  21. ^ Moore, Charlotte (15 April 2006). "Autistic couple bound to each other - and their art". Guardian.
  22. ^ James Henry Pullen:
  23. ^ "Matt Savage: The Prodigy", People magazine June 17, 2002
  24. ^ Treffert, Darold. "Matt Savage – A 14-Year-Old Marvelous Musician". Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  25. ^ Treffert, Darold. "Henriett Seth F. – Rain Girl". Wisconsin Medical Society. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  26. ^ "Unlocking the brain's potential". BBC News. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
  27. ^ Horwitz, et al., 1965
  28. ^ Sacks, Oliver, 1985
  29. ^ Tracey Eagan (2009-05-06). "Twin Savants Fixated on Dick Clark". Jezebel. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  30. ^ Lyall, Sarah (February 15, 2007). "Brainman, at Rest in His Oasis". New York Times.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F530154923