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Revision as of 16:04, 25 March 2012

Sarojini Naidu (সরোজিনী নাইডু)
Sarojini Naidu(extreme right) with Mahatma Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha, 1930
Sarojini Naidu(extreme right) with Mahatma Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha,1930
BornSarojini Chattopadhyaya (সরোজিনী চাত্তপাধ্যায়া)
(1879-02-13)13 February 1879
Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, India
Died2 March 1949(1949-03-02) (aged 70)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
OccupationPoet, writer, social activist
NationalityIndian Bengali
Alma materKing's College London
Girton College, Cambridge
SpouseDr. Muthyala Govindarajulu
ChildrenJayasurya, Padmaja, Randheer, Nilawar and Leelamani

Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyaya; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949), also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India (Bharatiya Kokila)[1] , was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress[2] and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state.[3] Her birthday is celebrated as Women's Day in India.[4]

Early years

Sarojini Chattopadhyay, later Naidu belonged to a Bengali family of Kulin Brahmins. She was born in Hyderabad, India as the eldest daughter of scientist, philosopher, linguist and educator Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, and Varada Sundari Devi, a Bengali poetess. After receiving a doctor of science degree from Edinburgh University, her father settled in Hyderabad State, where he founded and administered the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam College in Hyderabad. Her father was a linguist and thinker, and the first member of Indian National Congress in Hyderabad.[5] Her mother, Barada Sundari Devi, was a poetess baji and used to write poetry in Bengali.

Sarojini Naidu was the eldest among the eight siblings. One of her brothers Birendranath was a revolutionary and her other brother Harindranath was a poet, dramatist, and actor.[6]

Education

Sarojini Naidu was a brilliant student. She was proficient in Urdu, Telugu, English, Bengali, and Persian.[7] At the age of twelve, Sarojini Naidu attained national fame when she topped the matriculation examination at Madras University. Her father wanted her to become a mathematician or scientist but Sarojini Naidu was interested in poetry. She started writing poems in English. Impressed by her play Maher Muneer , the Nizam of Hyderabad gave her scholarship to study abroad [8]. At the age of 16, she traveled to England to study first at King's College London and later at Girton College, Cambridge.[9] There she met famous laureates of her time such as Arthur Symons and Edmond Gosse. It was Gosse who convinced Sarojini to stick to Indian themes-India's great mountains, rivers, temples, social milieu, to express her poetry. She depicted contemporary Indian life and events. Her collections "The golden threshold (1905)", "The bird of time (1912)", and "The broken wing (1912)" attracted huge Indian and English readership[10].

Married life

At the age of 15, she met Dr.Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu and fell in love with him. A non-Brahmin, and a doctor by profession. After finishing her studies at the age of 19, she married him during the time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed.[11] They were married by the Brahmo Marriage Act (1872), in Madras in 1898[12]. It was a revolutionary step but Sarojini's father fully supported her in her endeavour. Sarojini Naidu had a happy married life and had four children; Jayasurya, Padmaja, Randheer, and Leilamani.

Career

Indian Freedom Fighter

Gandhi in London with Sarojini Naidu at his side

Sarojini Naidu joined the Indian national movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.[13]

During 1915-1918, she traveled to different regions in India delivering lectures on social welfare, women empowerment, and nationalism. She awakened the women of India and brought them out of the kitchen. She also helped to establish the Women's Indian Association (WIA) in 1917.[14] She was sent to London along with Annie Besant, President of WIA, to present the case for the women's vote to the Joint Select Committee.

President of the Congress

In 1925, Sarojini Naidu presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress at Kanpur. In 1929, she presided over East African Indian Congress in South Africa. She was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India.[15] In 1930, she participated in the Round table conference with Gandhiji and Madan Mohan Malaviya.[16] Sarojini Naidu played a leading role during the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed along with Gandhiji and other leaders. In 1942, Sarojini Naidu was arrested during the "Quit India" movement and was jailed for 21 months with Gandhiji. She shared a very warm relationship with Gandhiji and used to call him "Mickey Mouse".[17]

Literary career

Sarojini Naidu began writing at the age of 12. Her play, Maher Muneer, impressed the Nawab of Hyderabad. In 1905, her collection of poems, named "The Broken Wings" was published.[18] Her poems were admired by many prominent Indian politicians like Gopala Krishna Gokhale and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Works

Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:

  • 1905: The Golden Threshold, published in the United Kingdom[19] (text available online)
  • 1912: The Bird of Time: Songs of Life, Death & the Spring, published in London[20]
  • 1917: The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and the Spring, including "The Gift of India" (first read in public in 1915)[20][21]
  • 1916: Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity[22]
  • 1943: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, Allahabad: Kitabistan, posthumously published[20]
  • 1961: The Feather of the Dawn, posthumously published, edited by her daughter, Padmaja Naidu[23]
  • 1971:The Indian Weavers [24]

Famous Poems

  • Autumn Song
  • Damayante to Nala in the Hour of Exile
  • Ecstasy
  • Indian Dancers
  • The Indian Gypsy
  • Indian Love-Song
  • Indian Weavers
  • In Salutation to the Eternal Peace
  • In the Forest
  • Leili
  • Nightfall in the City of Hyderabad
  • Palanquin Bearers
  • The Pardah Nashin
  • Past and Future
  • The Queen's Rival
  • The Royal Tombs of Golconda
  • The Snake-Charmer
  • Song of a Dream
  • The Soul's Prayer
  • Suttee
  • To a Buddha Seated on a Lotus
  • To the God of Pain
  • Wandering Singers

Quotes

Naidu writes:

"Shall hope to prevail where clamorous hate is rife,
Shall sweet love prosper or high dreams have place
Amid the tumult of reverberant strife
'Twixt ancient creeds, 'twixt race and ancient race,
That mars the grave, glad purposes of life,
Leaving no refuge save thy succoring face?"[25]

Naidu said, "When there is oppression, the only self-respecting thing is to rise and say this shall cease today, because my right is justice." She adds, "If you are stronger, you have to help the weaker boy or girl both in play and in the work." She is known for her famous poem, "Bazaars of Hyderabad".

References

  1. ^ "Colors of India". First Woman Governor of a State in India. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  2. ^ editor (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). ISBN 9780852297605. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "SRIMATI SAROJINI NAIDU, Governor of UP". National Informatics Centre, UP State Unit. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  4. ^ "Live India".
  5. ^ India, Cultural. "Sarojini Naidu Biography". CulturalIndia.net. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  6. ^ Deepthi, Kalapala Hima. "Great Indians, Sarojini Naidu". Ceeby, Indian web directory. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  7. ^ Gibson, edited by Mary Ellis. Anglophone poetry in colonial India, 1780-1913 : a critical anthology. Athens: Ohio University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780821419427. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ "Live India". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.liveindia.com/freedomfighters/2.html" ignored (help)
  9. ^ Shashi, editor-in-chief Padmashri S.S. (2007). Encyclopaedia Indica : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (1st ed. ed.). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 72. ISBN 9788170418597. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ "Live India". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |http://url= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Indian Freedom fighters". Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  12. ^ "The Cultural India".
  13. ^ compiled (2008). Freedom fighters of India (in four volumes). Delhi: Isha Books. p. 142. ISBN 9788182054684. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Pasricha, Ashu (2009). The political thought of Annie Besant. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 24. ISBN 9788180695858.
  15. ^ Jain, Reena. "Sarojini Naidu". Stree Shakti. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  16. ^ "The Biography of Sarojini Naidu". Poem Hunter. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  17. ^ Naravane, Vishwanath S. (1996). Sarojini Naidu : an introduction to her life, work and poetry ([Reprinted] ed.). New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 62. ISBN 9788125009313.
  18. ^ Sarkar, [editors], Amar Nath Prasad, Bithika (2008). Critical response to Indian poetry in English. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 9788176258258. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Knippling, Alpana Sharma, "Chapter 3: Twentieth-Century Indian Literature in English", in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India (Google books link), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7, retrieved December 10, 2008
  20. ^ a b c Vinayak Krishna Gokak, The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Poetry (1828-1965), p 313, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint), ISBN 81-260-1196-3, retrieved August 6, 2010
  21. ^ Sisir Kumar Das, "A History of Indian Literature 1911-1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy", p 523, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1995), ISBN 81-7201-798-7; retrieved August 10, 2010
  22. ^ "Jinnah in India's history". The Hindu. 12 August 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  23. ^ Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, p 362, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971 (however, on page 597 an "editor's note" states contents "on the following pages are a supplement to the first edition" and is dated "1972")
  24. ^ "Indian Weavers". Poem Hunter. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  25. ^ Shashi, editor-in-chief Padmashri S.S. (2007). Encyclopaedia Indica : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (1st ed. ed.). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. ISBN 9788170418597. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); |first= has generic name (help)

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