Kipchak languages: Difference between revisions

Kypchak
Kypchak
Northwestern Turkic
Geographic; distribution	Kypchak–Bolgar Kypchak–Cuman Kazakh–Nogay
Ethnicity	Kypchaks
Linguistic classification	Turkic Kypchak;
Subdivisions	Kypchak–Bolgar; Kypchak–Cuman; Kazakh–Nogay;
Language codes

The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northwestern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China.

Linguistic features

The Kypchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kypchak language family.

Shared features

Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h sound (preserved only in Khalaj. See above example.)

Unique features

Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") ^{[citation needed]}
Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw)

Classification

The Kypchak languages may be broken down into three groups, based on geography and shared features:

Kypchak–Bolgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian), including Bashkir and Tatar (including Siberian Tatar, Mishar Tatar, Astrakhan Tatar, Baraba Tatar, etc.)

Kypchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian), including Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Karaim, Krymchak, and the extinct Cuman and Kipchak languages. Urum and Crimean Tatar appear to have a Kypchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by Oghuz languages.

Kazakh–Nogay (Aralo-Caspian), including Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, and Nogay

The Uzbek language's Kypchak dialect contains the remainder of Kypchak languages that were once spoken in Uzbekistan, and there is a dialect continuum between Uzbek and Kazakh.

The language of the Mamluks in Egypt appears to have been a Kypchak language, probably one belonging to the Kazakh–Nogay group.^{[citation needed]}

References

Johanson, Lars and Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 The Kypchak languages may be broken down into three groups, based on geography and shared features:
-*'''Kypchak–Bolgar''' (Uralo-Caspian), including [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]] (including [[Tatar_language#Siberian_Tatar|Siberian Tatar]], [[Mishar Tatar]], [[Astrakhan Tatar]], [[Baraba language|Baraba Tatar]], etc.)
+*'''Kypchak–Bolgar''' (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian), including [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] and [[Tatar language|Tatar]] (including [[Tatar_language#Siberian_Tatar|Siberian Tatar]], [[Mishar Tatar]], [[Astrakhan Tatar]], [[Baraba language|Baraba Tatar]], etc.)
 *'''Kypchak–Cuman''' (Ponto-Caspian), including [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]], [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], and the extinct [[Cuman language|Cuman]] and [[Kipchak language|Kipchak]] languages.  [[Urum language|Urum]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] appear to have a Kypchak–Cuman base, but have been heavily influenced by [[Oghuz languages]].
-*'''Kazakh–Nogay''', including [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Nogay language|Nogay]]
+*'''Kazakh–Nogay''' (Aralo-Caspian), including [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Nogay language|Nogay]]
 The [[Uzbek language]]'s Kypchak dialect contains the remainder of Kypchak languages that were once spoken in [[Uzbekistan]], and there is a [[dialect continuum]] between Uzbek and Kazakh.

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