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Mass killings under communist regimes: Difference between revisions

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→Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: The source is a non-peer reviewed and comes from an advocacy group. The S. U. never admitted "communist genocide" as such, so what's implied is wrong.
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|source = ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'' editorial on Aug 11, 1951<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ccKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hU8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391,3461845&dq=communist-genocide Eradication Of The Mifdle Class] ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', Aug 11, 1951</ref>}}
|source = ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'' editorial on Aug 11, 1951<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ccKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hU8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391,3461845&dq=communist-genocide Eradication Of The Mifdle Class] ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'', Aug 11, 1951</ref>}}


During the [[Russian Civil War]] the [[Bolshevik]]s engaged in a campaign of [[genocide]] against the [[Don Cossacks]].<ref>Mikhail Heller & [[Alexander Nekrich|Aleksandr Nekrich]]. ''Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present.'' Summit Books, 1988. ISBN 0671645358 p. 87.</ref><ref>Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]]. ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression''. [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp. 8-9</ref><ref>[[Orlando Figes]]. ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924.'' [[Penguin Books]], 1998. ISBN 014024364X p. 660.</ref><ref>[[Donald Rayfield]]. ''[[Stalin and His Hangmen]]: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.'' [[Random House]], 2004. ISBN 0-375-50632-2. p. 83.</ref><ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917.'' [[Transaction Publishers]], 1990. ISBN 1560008873 [http://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&pg=PA2&dq=lethal+politics+genocide+Don+Cossacks&ei=nCBpR8-uF4vUsgPKlay-Ag&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=uecCAvEq5sgjmo1uRMwqjsALGWM p. 2].</ref> The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20.<ref>Robert Gellately. ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.'' [[Knopf]], 2007 ISBN 1400040051 pp. 70–71.</ref> [[Belarus]], after it became the [[Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (BSSR), was subjected to communist genocidal repression by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s. Communist genocide in Belarus was conducted in the name of "struggle against the 'National Democrats'" whom the communists accused of selling Belarus to "capitalist imperialists". The effects of this genocide and ethnocide were later admitted by the communists during the ''[[perestroika]]''.<ref>Dr. Rayisa Zuk-Hryshkievich, [http://www.balticfederation.ca/pdf/BelarusGenocidebyCommunsts.pdf Belarus: Communist genocide of a nation] Baltic Federation in Canada</ref> The [[Holodomor]] is recognized as genocide by [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Estonia]], [[Italy]], [[Canada]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], the [[United States]] and [[Hungary]].<ref>Veronica Khokhlova ''[http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2006/11/29/ukraine-famine-recognized-as-genocide/ Ukraine: Famine Recognized As Genocide]'' <!--A blog site until a better source can be found--></ref> Andrew Gregorovich, member of the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (CERES), described the Holodomor or the Ukrainian genocide as "the worst genocide on the continent of Europe in history".<ref>Speech by Andrew Gregorovich, [http://www.balticfederation.ca/pdf/COMMUNIST%20CRIMES%20IN%20UKRAINE.pdf COMMUNIST CRIMES IN UKRAINE]</ref> After [[Estonia]] was incorporated into the Soviet Union, Estonia was subjected to Communist state terror which later evolved to genocide.<ref>[http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Estonia/Historical-Introduction Historical Introduction] [[Foundation for the Investigation of Communist Crimes]]</ref>
During the [[Russian Civil War]] the [[Bolshevik]]s engaged in a campaign of [[genocide]] against the [[Don Cossacks]].<ref>Mikhail Heller & [[Alexander Nekrich|Aleksandr Nekrich]]. ''Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present.'' Summit Books, 1988. ISBN 0671645358 p. 87.</ref><ref>Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, [[Stéphane Courtois]]. ''[[The Black Book of Communism]]: Crimes, Terror, Repression''. [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp. 8-9</ref><ref>[[Orlando Figes]]. ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924.'' [[Penguin Books]], 1998. ISBN 014024364X p. 660.</ref><ref>[[Donald Rayfield]]. ''[[Stalin and His Hangmen]]: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.'' [[Random House]], 2004. ISBN 0-375-50632-2. p. 83.</ref><ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917.'' [[Transaction Publishers]], 1990. ISBN 1560008873 [http://books.google.com/books?id=sK5CJFpb2DAC&pg=PA2&dq=lethal+politics+genocide+Don+Cossacks&ei=nCBpR8-uF4vUsgPKlay-Ag&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=uecCAvEq5sgjmo1uRMwqjsALGWM p. 2].</ref> The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20.<ref>Robert Gellately. ''Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.'' [[Knopf]], 2007 ISBN 1400040051 pp. 70–71.</ref> The [[Holodomor]] is recognized as genocide by [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Estonia]], [[Italy]], [[Canada]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], the [[United States]] and [[Hungary]].<ref>Veronica Khokhlova ''[http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2006/11/29/ukraine-famine-recognized-as-genocide/ Ukraine: Famine Recognized As Genocide]'' <!--A blog site until a better source can be found--></ref> Andrew Gregorovich, member of the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (CERES), described the Holodomor or the Ukrainian genocide as "the worst genocide on the continent of Europe in history".<ref>Speech by Andrew Gregorovich, [http://www.balticfederation.ca/pdf/COMMUNIST%20CRIMES%20IN%20UKRAINE.pdf COMMUNIST CRIMES IN UKRAINE]</ref> After [[Estonia]] was incorporated into the Soviet Union, Estonia was subjected to Communist state terror which later evolved to genocide.<ref>[http://www.communistcrimes.org/en/Database/Estonia/Historical-Introduction Historical Introduction] [[Foundation for the Investigation of Communist Crimes]]</ref>


===Cambodia===
===Cambodia===

Revision as of 03:04, 6 August 2009

Skulls of victims of communist regime in Cambodia under Pol Pot.
Child victim of the Holodomor. Holodomor is recognized as genocide by Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the United States and Hungary

Communist genocide refers to the genocide carried out by communist regimes across the world.

Overview

Harry Wu writes "The term ‘genocide’ was first coined in the 1940s to describe the horrors of Nazi rule in occupied Europe. In Nazi Germany, the machine of oppression was the concentration camp; in the Soviet Union, the Gulag. In China, it is the Laogai which means ‘reform through labor.’"[1] Former Vietnamese judge Nguyen Cao Quyen who was a victim of communist political repression after communist victory in Vietnam War describes communist genocide as "genocide of entire classes".[2]

Stéphane Courtois in The Black Book of Communism compared Communism and Nazism as slightly different totalitarian systems. He claims that Communist regimes have killed "approximately 100 million people in contrast to the approximately 25 million victims of Nazis" [3]. Nathaniel Weyl wrote on political aristocide that "In modern times, the outstanding instances have been the genocides commited by the Nazis and Communists."[4] According to Dr. Kors, founder of Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), "No other system has caused as much death as communism has".[5]

History

Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

"Information seeping from beneath the Soviet Iron Curtain indicates that genocide, the most horrendous of international crimes, is an official policy of the Red governments."

St. Petersburg Times editorial on Aug 11, 1951[6]

During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a campaign of genocide against the Don Cossacks.[7][8][9][10][11] The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20.[12] The Holodomor is recognized as genocide by Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the United States and Hungary.[13] Andrew Gregorovich, member of the Centre for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (CERES), described the Holodomor or the Ukrainian genocide as "the worst genocide on the continent of Europe in history".[14] After Estonia was incorporated into the Soviet Union, Estonia was subjected to Communist state terror which later evolved to genocide.[15]

Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, led by Pol Pot, murdered over a million Cambodians, out of a total population of 8 million.[16] Estimates suggest approximately 1.7 million were killed in the Cambodian genocide and is described by the Yale University Cambodian Genocide Program as "one of the worst human tragedies of the last century."[17] Pol pot is sometimes described as "the Hitler of Cambodia" and "a genocidal tyrant".[18] Martin Shaw described the Cambodian genocide as "the purest genocide of the Cold War era".[19]

China

According to Mao: The Unknown Story, "Mao Tse-tung, who for decades held absolute power over the lives of one-quarter of the world's population, was responsible for well over 70 million deaths in peacetime, more than any other twentieth century leader."[20]

Recent developments

Charges of communist genocide

In August 2007, Arnold Meri, a cousin of a former Estonian president Lennart Meri, faced charges of communist genocide by Estonian authorities.[21]

Denial of communist genocide and law against denial

To prevent the denial of communist genocide, several Central European countries enacted laws which state "endorsing or attempting to justify Nazi or Communist genocide" will be punishable by up to three years of imprisonment.[22]

The Czech Republic has law against denial of communist genocide. Article 261a of the amended constitution of December 16, 1992 states "the person who publicly denies, puts in doubt, approves or tries to justify Nazi or communist genocide, or other crimes against humanity of Nazis or communists will be punished by prison of 6 months to 3 years."[23]

In Ukraine, a draft law "On Amendments to the Criminal and the Procedural Criminal Codes of Ukraine" submitted by President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko for consideration by the Verkhovna Rada, envisages prosecution for public denial of the Holodomor Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as a fact of genocide of the Ukrainian people, and of the Holocaust as the fact of genocide of the Jewish people. The draft law foresees that public denial as well as production and dissemination of materials denying the above shall be punished by a fine of 100 to 300 untaxed minimum salaries, or imprisonment of up to two years.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Classicide-Genocide in Communist China, by Harry Wu, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2006, Vol. 18 Issue 1/2, p121-135, 15p
  2. ^ Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOCMF) hold Fund Raising Gala The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
  3. ^ The Black Book of Communism, Introduction, page 15.
  4. ^ Aristocide as a force in history
  5. ^ Communist Genocide Studies Needed
  6. ^ Eradication Of The Mifdle Class St. Petersburg Times, Aug 11, 1951
  7. ^ Mikhail Heller & Aleksandr Nekrich. Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present. Summit Books, 1988. ISBN 0671645358 p. 87.
  8. ^ Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp. 8-9
  9. ^ Orlando Figes. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924. Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 014024364X p. 660.
  10. ^ Donald Rayfield. Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him. Random House, 2004. ISBN 0-375-50632-2. p. 83.
  11. ^ R. J. Rummel. Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917. Transaction Publishers, 1990. ISBN 1560008873 p. 2.
  12. ^ Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 pp. 70–71.
  13. ^ Veronica Khokhlova Ukraine: Famine Recognized As Genocide
  14. ^ Speech by Andrew Gregorovich, COMMUNIST CRIMES IN UKRAINE
  15. ^ Historical Introduction Foundation for the Investigation of Communist Crimes
  16. ^ Kaplan, Robert D., The Ends of the Earth, Vintage, 1996, p. 406.
  17. ^ The CGP, 1994-2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University
  18. ^ William Branigin, Architect of Genocide Was Unrepentant to the End The Washington Post, April 17, 1998
  19. ^ Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 9780521597302
  20. ^ Mao: The Unknown Story
  21. ^ Estonian charged with Communist genocide International Herald Tribune, August 23, 2007
  22. ^ Is Holocaust denial against the law? Anne Frank House
  23. ^ Michael Whine, Expanding Holocaust Denial and Legislation Against It Institute for Global Jewish Affairs
  24. ^ "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted", December 12, 2007

Further readings

  • Communist Genocide in Cambodia
  • The Communist Genocide in Romania, by Gheorghe Boldur-Latescu, Nova Science Publishers, 2006, ISBN 9781594542510
  • Murder of A Gentle Land, The Untold Story of Communist Genocide in Cambodia, by Barron, John & Paul, Anthony, NY Reader's Digest Press 1977, ISBN 0-88349-129-X
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F306330027