Cherry: Difference between revisions
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''[[Prunus x yedoensis]]'' (Yoshino Cherry) |
''[[Prunus x yedoensis]]'' (Yoshino Cherry) |
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| ⚫ | The word '''cherry''' refers to a fleshy [[fruit]] ([[drupe]]) that contains a single stony [[seed]]. The cherry belongs to the family [[Rosaceae]], genus ''[[Prunus]]'', along with [[almond]]s, [[peach]]es, [[plum]]s, [[apricot]]s and [[bird cherry (subgenus)|bird cherries]]. The subgenus, ''Cerasus'', is distinguished by having the [[flower]]s in small [[corymb]]s of several together (not singly, nor in [[raceme]]s), and by having a smooth fruit with only a weak groove or none along one side. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], with two species in [[Americas|America]], three in [[Europe]], and the remainder in [[Asia]]. |
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==History== |
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=== Etymology and antiquity === |
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| ⚫ | The cherry is generally understood to have been brought to [[Rome]] from northeastern [[Anatolia]], historically known as the [[Pontus]] region, in 72 BC.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pontus}}</ref> The city of [[Giresun]] in present-day [[Turkey]] was known to the ancient Greeks as Choerades or Pharnacia, and later as Kerasous or Cerasus, < Kerason < Kerasounta < Kerasus "horn" (for peninsula) in Greek + ''ounta'' (Greek toponomical suffix). The name later mutated into ''Kerasunt'' (sometimes written ''Kérasounde'' or ''Kerassunde''). |
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The English word ''cherry'', French ''cerise'', Spanish ''cereza'', and Southern Italian dialect ''cerasa'' (standard Italian ''ciliegia'') all come from the Classical Greek (κέρασο�)� through the [[Latin]] ''cerasum'', thus theancient roman place name ''Cerasus'', from which the cherry was first exported to Europe.<ref>''A History of the Vegetable Kingdom'', Page 334.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The word '''cherry''' refers to a fleshy [[fruit]] ([[drupe]]) that contains a single stony [[seed]]. The cherry belongs to the family [[Rosaceae]], genus ''[[Prunus]]'', along with [[almond]]s, [[peach]]es, [[plum]]s, [[apricot]]s and [[bird cherry (subgenus)|bird cherries]]. The subgenus, ''Cerasus'', is distinguished by having the [[flower]]s in small [[corymb]]s of several together (not singly, nor in [[raceme]]s), and by having a smooth fruit with only a weak groove or none along one side. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], with two species in [[Americas|America]], three in [[Europe]], and the remainder in [[Asia]] |
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=== Reintroduction into England === |
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== Background == |
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| ⚫ | By the Middle Ages, however, cherries had disappeared in England. They were reestablished at [[Tyneham]], near [[Sittingbourne]] in [[Kent]] by order of [[Henry VIII]], who had tasted them in [[Flanders]].<ref>The curious [[antiquary]] [[John Aubrey]] (1626–1697) noted in his memoranda: "Cherries were first brought into Kent tempore H. viii, who being in Flanders, and likeing ''(sic)'' the Cherries, ordered his Gardener, brought them hence, and propagated them in England." {{ cite book |author=Oliver Lawson Dick, ed. |title=''Aubrey's Brief Lives. Edited from the Original Manuscripts'' |year=1949 |page=xxxv}}</ref><ref>"All the cherry gardens and orchards of Kent are said to have been stocked with the [[Flemish cherry]] from a plantation of 105 acres in [[Teynham]], made with foreign cherries, [[pippin]]s, and [[golden rennet]]s, done by the [[fruiterer]] of Henry VIII." ([http://www.kent-opc.org/Parishes/Teynham.html Kent On-line: Teynham Parish])</ref><ref>The [http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/kent_ob.html civic coat of arms of Sittingbourne] with the crest of a "cherry tree fructed proper" were only granted in 1949, however.</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The cherry is generally understood to have been brought to [[Rome]] from northeastern [[Anatolia]], historically known as the [[Pontus]] region, in 72 BC.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pontus}}</ref> The city of [[Giresun]] in present-day [[Turkey]] was known to the ancient Greeks as Choerades or Pharnacia, and later as Kerasous or Cerasus, < Kerason < Kerasounta < Kerasus "horn" (for peninsula) in Greek + ''ounta'' (Greek toponomical suffix). The name later mutated into ''Kerasunt'' (sometimes written ''Kérasounde'' or ''Kerassunde''). |
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== Food value == |
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| ⚫ | Cherries contain [[anthocyanin]]s, the red pigment in berries. Cherry anthocyanins have been shown to reduce pain and [[inflammation]] in rats.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tall JM, Seeram NP, Zhao C, Nair MG, Meyer RA, Raja SN |title=Tart cherry anthocyanins suppress inflammation-induced pain behavior in rat |journal=Behav. Brain Res. |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=181�"8 |year=2004 |pmid=15219719 |doi=10.1016/j.bbr.2003.11.011}}</ref> Anthocyanins are also potent antioxidants under active research for a variety of potential health benefits. According to a study funded by the Cherry Marketing Institute presented at the Experimental Biology 2008 meeting in San Diego, rats that received whole tart cherry powder mixed into a high-fat diet did not gain as much weight or build up as much body fat, and their blood showed much lower levels of inflammation indicators that have been linked to heart disease and diabetes. In addition, they had significantly lower blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides than the other rats.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/539490/ "Tart Cherries May Reduce Heart/Diabetes Risk Factors"]. Newswise, Retrieved on July 7, 2008.</ref> |
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== Wildlife value == |
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== Cultivation == |
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The [[Wild Cherry]] (''P. avium'') has given rise to the [[Sweet Cherry]], to which most cherry [[cultivar]]s belong, and the [[Sour Cherry]] (''P. cerasus''), which is used mainly for cooking. Both species originate in [[Europe]] and western [[Asia]]; they do not cross-pollinate. The other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor and their propensity to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, there is high demand for the fruit. |
The [[Wild Cherry]] (''P. avium'') has given rise to the [[Sweet Cherry]], to which most cherry [[cultivar]]s belong, and the [[Sour Cherry]] (''P. cerasus''), which is used mainly for cooking. Both species originate in [[Europe]] and western [[Asia]]; they do not cross-pollinate. The other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor and their propensity to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, there is high demand for the fruit. |
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=== Growing season === |
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| ⚫ | Cherries have a very short growing season and can grow anywhere, including the great cold of the tundra.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} In Australia they are usually at their peak around [[Christmas]] time, in southern Europe in June, in North America in June, and in the UK in mid July, always in the summer season. In many parts of North America they are among the first tree fruits to ripen. |
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== Ornamental Cherry trees == |
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| ⚫ | In [[Australia]], the [[New South Wales]] town of [[Young, New South Wales|Young]] is famous as the "Cherry Capital of Australia" and hosts the internationally famous National Cherry Festival. Popular varieties include the "Montmorency", "Morello", "North Star", "Early Richmond", "Titans", and "Lamberts". |
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| ⚫ | Besides the fruit, cherries also have attractive [[flower]]s, and they are commonly planted for their flower display in spring; several of the Asian cherries are particularly noted for their flower displays. The Japanese ''[[sakura]]'' in particular are a national symbol celebrated in the yearly [[Hanami]] festival. Many flowering cherry cultivars (known as "ornamental cherries") have the [[stamen]]s and [[pistils]] replaced by additional [[petal]]s ("double" flowers), so are sterile and do not bear fruit. They are grown purely for their flowers and decorative value. The most common of these sterile cherries is the cultivar "Kanzan". |
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| ⚫ | Cherries have a very short growing season and can grow anywhere, including the great cold of the tundra.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} In Australia they are usually at their peak around [[Christmas]] time, in southern Europe in June, in North America in June, and in the UK in mid July, always in the summer season. In many parts of North America they are among the first tree fruits to ripen. |
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== Commercial orcharding and production == |
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Annual world production (as of 2007) of domesticated cherries is about two million [[tonne]]s. Around 40% of world production originates in Europe and around 13% in the United States. The US is the world's second largest single country producer, after [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx FAOSTAT ProdSTAT Crops] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Retrieved on August 19, 2008.</ref> |
Annual world production (as of 2007) of domesticated cherries is about two million [[tonne]]s. Around 40% of world production originates in Europe and around 13% in the United States. The US is the world's second largest single country producer, after [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx FAOSTAT ProdSTAT Crops] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Retrieved on August 19, 2008.</ref> |
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=== Europe === |
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Major commercial cherry orchards in Europe extend from the [[Iberian peninsula]] east to [[Asia Minor]], and to a smaller extent may also be grown in the [[Baltic States]] and southern [[Scandinavia]]. |
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| ⚫ | Besides the fruit, cherries also have attractive [[flower]]s, and they are commonly planted for their flower display in spring; several of the Asian cherries are particularly noted for their flower displays. The Japanese ''[[sakura]]'' in particular are a national symbol celebrated in the yearly [[Hanami]] festival. Many flowering cherry cultivars (known as "ornamental cherries") have the [[stamen]]s and [[pistils]] replaced by additional [[petal]]s ("double" flowers), so are sterile and do not bear fruit. They are grown purely for their flowers and decorative value. The most common of these sterile cherries is the cultivar "Kanzan". |
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=== United States === |
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| ⚫ | In the [[United States]], most sweet cherries are grown in [[Washington]], [[California]], [[Oregon]], and Northern [[Michigan]].<ref name="NASS">[http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/cher0608.txt Cherry Production] National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, Retrieved on August 19, 2008.</ref> Important sweet cherry cultivars include "[[Bing cherry|Bing]]", "Brooks", "Tulare", "King" and "[[Rainier cherry|Rainier]]". Both [[Oregon]] and [[Michigan]] provide light-colored "Royal Ann" ('Napoleon'; alternately "Queen Anne") cherries for the [[maraschino cherry]] process. Most sour (also called tart) cherries are grown in [[Michigan]], followed by [[Utah]], [[New York]], and [[Washington]]<ref name="NASS"/>. Additionally, native and non-native cherries grow well in [[Canada]] ([[Ontario]] and [[British Columbia]]). Sour cherries include Nanking and [[Evans Cherry]]. [[Traverse City, Michigan]] claims to be the "Cherry Capital of the World", hosting a [[National Cherry Festival]] and making the world's largest cherry pie. The specific region of Northern Michigan that is known the world over for tart cherry production is referred to as the "Traverse Bay" region. Farms in this region grown many varieties of cherries, sold through companies in the region. |
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| ⚫ | Cherries contain [[anthocyanin]]s, the red pigment in berries. Cherry anthocyanins have been shown to reduce pain and [[inflammation]] in rats.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tall JM, Seeram NP, Zhao C, Nair MG, Meyer RA, Raja SN |title=Tart cherry anthocyanins suppress inflammation-induced pain behavior in rat |journal=Behav. Brain Res. |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages= |
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=== Australia === |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | In [[Australia]], the [[New South Wales]] town of [[Young, New South Wales|Young]] is famous as the "Cherry Capital of Australia" and hosts the internationally famous National Cherry Festival. Popular varieties include the "Montmorency", "Morello", "North Star", "Early Richmond", "Titans", and "Lamberts". |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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Revision as of 14:18, 17 May 2009
- This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit, for the ornamental tree, See Cherry Blossom.
| Red Cherry | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Subgenus: | Cerasus |
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Several, including: | |
The word cherry refers to a fleshy fruit (drupe) that contains a single stony seed. The cherry belongs to the family Rosaceae, genus Prunus, along with almonds, peaches, plums, apricots and bird cherries. The subgenus, Cerasus, is distinguished by having the flowers in small corymbs of several together (not singly, nor in racemes), and by having a smooth fruit with only a weak groove or none along one side. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in America, three in Europe, and the remainder in Asia.
History
Etymology and antiquity
The cherry is generally understood to have been brought to Rome from northeastern Anatolia, historically known as the Pontus region, in 72 BC.[1] The city of Giresun in present-day Turkey was known to the ancient Greeks as Choerades or Pharnacia, and later as Kerasous or Cerasus, < Kerason < Kerasounta < Kerasus "horn" (for peninsula) in Greek + ounta (Greek toponomical suffix). The name later mutated into Kerasunt (sometimes written Kérasounde or Kerassunde).
The English word cherry, French cerise, Spanish cereza, and Southern Italian dialect cerasa (standard Italian ciliegia) all come from the Classical Greek (κέρασο�)� through the Latin cerasum, thus theancient roman place name Cerasus, from which the cherry was first exported to Europe.[2]
Reintroduction into England
By the Middle Ages, however, cherries had disappeared in England. They were reestablished at Tyneham, near Sittingbourne in Kent by order of Henry VIII, who had tasted them in Flanders.[3][4][5]
| Food valueCherries contain anthocyanins, the red pigment in berries. Cherry anthocyanins have been shown to reduce pain and inflammation in rats.[8] Anthocyanins are also potent antioxidants under active research for a variety of potential health benefits. According to a study funded by the Cherry Marketing Institute presented at the Experimental Biology 2008 meeting in San Diego, rats that received whole tart cherry powder mixed into a high-fat diet did not gain as much weight or build up as much body fat, and their blood showed much lower levels of inflammation indicators that have been linked to heart disease and diabetes. In addition, they had significantly lower blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides than the other rats.[9] |
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Wildlife value
Cherry trees also provide food for the caterpillars of several Lepidoptera. See List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus.
Cultivation
The Wild Cherry (P. avium) has given rise to the Sweet Cherry, to which most cherry cultivars belong, and the Sour Cherry (P. cerasus), which is used mainly for cooking. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia; they do not cross-pollinate. The other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor and their propensity to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, there is high demand for the fruit.
Growing season
Cherries have a very short growing season and can grow anywhere, including the great cold of the tundra.[citation needed] In Australia they are usually at their peak around Christmas time, in southern Europe in June, in North America in June, and in the UK in mid July, always in the summer season. In many parts of North America they are among the first tree fruits to ripen.
Ornamental Cherry trees
Besides the fruit, cherries also have attractive flowers, and they are commonly planted for their flower display in spring; several of the Asian cherries are particularly noted for their flower displays. The Japanese sakura in particular are a national symbol celebrated in the yearly Hanami festival. Many flowering cherry cultivars (known as "ornamental cherries") have the stamens and pistils replaced by additional petals ("double" flowers), so are sterile and do not bear fruit. They are grown purely for their flowers and decorative value. The most common of these sterile cherries is the cultivar "Kanzan".
Commercial orcharding and production
Annual world production (as of 2007) of domesticated cherries is about two million tonnes. Around 40% of world production originates in Europe and around 13% in the United States. The US is the world's second largest single country producer, after Turkey.[10]
Europe
Major commercial cherry orchards in Europe extend from the Iberian peninsula east to Asia Minor, and to a smaller extent may also be grown in the Baltic States and southern Scandinavia.
United States
In the United States, most sweet cherries are grown in Washington, California, Oregon, and Northern Michigan.[11] Important sweet cherry cultivars include "Bing", "Brooks", "Tulare", "King" and "Rainier". Both Oregon and Michigan provide light-colored "Royal Ann" ('Napoleon'; alternately "Queen Anne") cherries for the maraschino cherry process. Most sour (also called tart) cherries are grown in Michigan, followed by Utah, New York, and Washington[11]. Additionally, native and non-native cherries grow well in Canada (Ontario and British Columbia). Sour cherries include Nanking and Evans Cherry. Traverse City, Michigan claims to be the "Cherry Capital of the World", hosting a National Cherry Festival and making the world's largest cherry pie. The specific region of Northern Michigan that is known the world over for tart cherry production is referred to as the "Traverse Bay" region. Farms in this region grown many varieties of cherries, sold through companies in the region.
Australia
In Australia, the New South Wales town of Young is famous as the "Cherry Capital of Australia" and hosts the internationally famous National Cherry Festival. Popular varieties include the "Montmorency", "Morello", "North Star", "Early Richmond", "Titans", and "Lamberts".
Gallery
Stella, Prunus avium
Ripe cherries, stacked and on display for sale on a market in Barcelona
Formation of the cherry fruit at beginning of May (France)
Cherries (variety Lambert)—watercolor 1894
Cherries with leaf
Yamagata cherries
Cherry opened.
Prunus avium ripening fruit
Cherries served in a bowl- A bowl of cherriesA bowl of cherries
A Cherry leaf with nectary glands on the stalk.
A young Gean or Wild Cherry leaf
Leaf tip nectary glands
Cherry tree from the village of Aita al-Foukhar in Lebanon
See also
- Acerola
- Cherry pitter
- Fruit tree forms
- Fruit tree propagation
- Fruit tree
- Marasca cherry
- Pruning fruit trees
- Sour Cherry of Kleparow
- History of dried cherries
Notes
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ A History of the Vegetable Kingdom, Page 334.
- ^ The curious antiquary John Aubrey (1626–1697) noted in his memoranda: "Cherries were first brought into Kent tempore H. viii, who being in Flanders, and likeing (sic) the Cherries, ordered his Gardener, brought them hence, and propagated them in England." Oliver Lawson Dick, ed. (1949). Aubrey's Brief Lives. Edited from the Original Manuscripts. p. xxxv.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "All the cherry gardens and orchards of Kent are said to have been stocked with the Flemish cherry from a plantation of 105 acres in Teynham, made with foreign cherries, pippins, and golden rennets, done by the fruiterer of Henry VIII." (Kent On-line: Teynham Parish)
- ^ The civic coat of arms of Sittingbourne with the crest of a "cherry tree fructed proper" were only granted in 1949, however.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ Tall JM, Seeram NP, Zhao C, Nair MG, Meyer RA, Raja SN (2004). "Tart cherry anthocyanins suppress inflammation-induced pain behavior in rat". Behav. Brain Res. 153 (1): 181�"8. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2003.11.011. PMID 15219719.
{{cite journal}}: replacement character in|pages=at position 4 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Tart Cherries May Reduce Heart/Diabetes Risk Factors". Newswise, Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
- ^ FAOSTAT ProdSTAT Crops Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Retrieved on August 19, 2008.
- ^ a b Cherry Production National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, Retrieved on August 19, 2008.
External links
- "Cherry juice hailed as superfood", Daily Mail, 26 September 2008.
- Phenolic compounds in sweet and sour cherries—Cornell University study.
| Sweet (Bigaroon, Mazzard) |  | |
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| Sour (Amarelle, Morello) | ||
| Other edible | ||
