J. G. Ballard
in 1993
Occupation	novelist, short story writer
Genre	science fiction, dystopia
Literary movement	New Wave
Notable works	Crash Empire of the Sun The Atrocity Exhibition

James Graham Ballard (15 November 1930 – 19 April 2009^[1]) was a British novelist and short story writer who was a prominent part of the New Wave in science fiction in the mid- to late-1960s and whose work frequently focused on dystopian themes. His best known books are the controversial novel Crash, an exploration of sexual fetishism connected to automobile accidents, and the semi-autobiographical novel Empire of the Sun, about his childhood internment by the Japanese during World War II after the invasion and conquest of Shanghai, where Ballard was born in the International Settlement. Both books were adapted into films, by David Cronenberg and Stephen Spielberg respectively.

The adjective "Ballardian", defined as

resembling or suggestive of the conditions described in J. G. Ballard's novels and stories, especially dystopian modernity, bleak man-made landscapes and the psychological effects of technological, social or environmental developments

has been included in the Collins English Dictionary.^[2]

Ballard, who lived in the middle-class suburb of Shepperton in the United Kingdom, died in London on 19 April 2009 from prostate cancer, which had been diagnosed in June 2006.

Ballard's father was a chemist at a Manchester-headquartered textile firm, the Calico Printers Association, and became chairman and managing director of its subsidiary in Shanghai, the China Printing and Finishing Company. Ballard was born and raised in the Shanghai International Settlement, an area under foreign control and dominated by American cultural influences. He was sent to the Cathedral School in Shanghai. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ballard's family were forced to temporarily evacuate their suburban home and rent a house in downtown Shanghai to avoid the shells fired by Chinese and Japanese forces.

After the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese occupied the International Settlement. In early 1943 they began interning Allied civilians, and Ballard was sent to the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center with his parents and younger sister. He spent over two years, the remainder of World War II, in the internment camp. His family lived in a small area in G block, a two-story residence for 40 families. He attended school in the camp, the teachers being inmates from a number of professions. These experiences formed the basis of Empire of the Sun, although Ballard exercised considerable artistic licence in writing the book (notably removing his parents from the bulk of the story).^[3][4]

It is often supposed that Ballard's exposure to the atrocities of war at an impressionable age explains the apocalyptic and violent nature of much of his fiction.^[5][6][7] Martin Amis wrote that Empire of the Sun "gives shape to what shaped him."^[6] However, Ballard's own account of the experience was more nuanced: "I don't think you can go through the experience of war without one's perceptions of the world being forever changed. The reassuring stage set that everyday reality in the suburban west presents to us is torn down; you see the ragged scaffolding, and then you see the truth beyond that, and it can be a frightening experience."^[8] But also: "I have—I won't say happy—not unpleasant memories of the camp. [...] I remember a lot of the casual brutality and beatings-up that went on—but at the same we children were playing a hundred and one games all the time!"^[9]

In 1946, after the end of the war, Ballard went to the UK with his mother and sister on the SS Arrawa. They lived in the West Country outside Plymouth, and he attended The Leys School in Cambridge. After a couple of years his mother and sister returned to China, rejoining Ballard's father, and leaving Ballard to live with his grandparents when not boarding at school. In 1949 he went on to study medicine at King's College, Cambridge, with the intention of becoming a psychiatrist.

At university, Ballard was writing avant-garde fiction heavily influenced by psychoanalysis and surrealist painters. At this time, he wanted to become a writer as well as pursue a medical career. In May 1951, when Ballard was in his second year at King's, his short story "The Violent Noon" (a Hemingwayesque pastiche written to please the jury) won a crime story competition and was published in the student newspaper Varsity.

Encouraged by the publication of his story and realising that clinical medicine would not leave him time to write, Ballard abandoned his medical studies in 1952 and went to the University of London to read English Literature. However, he was asked to leave at the end of the year. Ballard then worked as a copywriter for an advertising agency and as an encyclopaedia salesman. He kept writing short fiction but found it impossible to get published.

In 1953 Ballard joined the RAF and was sent to the RCAF flight-training base in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. There he discovered science fiction in American magazines. While in the RAF, he also wrote his first science fiction story, "Passport to Eternity", as a pastiche and summary of the American science fiction he had read.

Ballard left the RAF in 1954 after two years and returned to the UK. In 1955 he married Helen Mary Matthews and settled in Chiswick. Their first child (of three) was born in 1956, and his first published science fiction story, "Prima Belladonna", was printed in the December issue of New Worlds that year. The editor of New Worlds, Edward J. Carnell, would remain an important supporter of Ballard's writing and would publish nearly all of his early stories.

From 1957, Ballard worked as assistant editor on the scientific journal Chemistry and Industry. His interest in art led to his involvement in the emerging Pop Art movement, and in the late fifties he exhibited a number of collages that represented his ideas for a new kind of novel. Ballard's avant-garde inclinations did not sit comfortably in the science fiction mainstream of that time, which held attitudes he considered philistine. Briefly attending the 1957 Science Fiction Convention in London, Ballard left disillusioned and demoralised and did not write another story for a year. By the late 60s, however, he had become an editor of the avant-garde Ambit Magazine, which was more in keeping with his aesthetic ideals.

In 1960 Ballard moved with his family to Shepperton, outside London. Finding that commuting to work did not leave him time to write, Ballard decided he had to make a break and become a full-time writer. He wrote his first novel, The Wind from Nowhere, over a two-week holiday simply to gain a foothold as a professional writer, not intending it as a "serious novel" (in books published later, it is omitted from the list of his works). When it was successfully published in January 1962, he quit his job at Chemistry and Industry, and from then on supported himself and his family as a writer.

Later that year his second novel, The Drowned World, was published, establishing Ballard as a notable figure in the fledgling New Wave movement. Collections of his stories started getting published, and he delivered more with frantic productivity, while pushing to expand the scope of acceptable material for science fiction with such stories as "The Terminal Beach".

In 1964 Ballard's wife Mary died of pneumonia, leaving him to raise their three children—James, Fay and Bea Ballard—by himself. (The autobiographical novel The Kindness of Women gives a different, apparently fictional account of her death.) After this profound shock, Ballard began in 1965 to write the stories that became The Atrocity Exhibition, while continuing to produce stories within the science fiction genre.

The Atrocity Exhibition proved controversial (it was the subject of an obscenity trial, and in the United States, publisher Doubleday destroyed almost the entire print run before it was distributed), but it also marked Ballard's breakthrough as a literary writer. It remains one of his seminal works, and was filmed in 2001.

One chapter of The Atrocity Exhibition is titled "Crash!", and in 1970 Ballard organised an exhibition of crashed cars at the New Arts Laboratory, appropriately called "Crashed Cars". The crashed vehicles were displayed without commentary, inspiring vitriolic responses and vandalism. ^[10] In both the story and the art exhibition, Ballard explored the sexual potential of car crashes, a preoccupation which culminated in the novel Crash in Template:Lty.

The main character of Crash is called James Ballard and lives in Shepperton (though other biographical details do not match the writer), and curiosity about the relationship between the character and his author gained fuel when Ballard suffered a serious automobile accident shortly after completing the novel.^[10] Regardless of real-life basis, Crash proved just as controversial as The Atrocity Exhibition, especially when it was later filmed by David Cronenberg.

Although Ballard continued to write throughout the seventies and eighties, his breakthrough into the mainstream came only with Empire of the Sun, based on his years in Shanghai and the Lunghua internment camp. It established Ballard's name in the literary mainstream and was awarded the Template:Lty James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction, although the books that followed failed to achieve the same degree of success. Empire of the Sun was filmed by Steven Spielberg in 1987, starring a young Christian Bale as Jim (Ballard). Ballard himself appears briefly in the film, and he has described the experience of seeing his childhood memories reenacted and reinterpreted as bizarre.^[4][11]

Ballard continued to write towards the end of his life (of his recent novels, Cocaine Nights was particularly well received), and also contributed occasional journalism and criticism to the British press. In June 2006 Ballard was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer (which metastasised to his spine and ribs). The last book by Ballard published in his lifetime was the autobiography Miracles of Life, written after his diagnosis.^[12] He died of the disease, in London, on 19 April 2009.

In October 2008, before his death, Ballard's literary agent Margaret Hanbury brought a manuscript from Ballard with the working title Conversations with My Physician: The Meaning, if Any, of Life to the Frankfurt Book Fair. The physician in question is oncologist Professor Jonathan Waxman of Imperial College, London, who was treating Ballard for prostate cancer. While it is in part a book about cancer, and Ballard's struggle with it, it reportedly moves on to broader themes. Hanbury is in conversation with publishers.^[13]

Those who know Ballard from his autobiographical novels will not be prepared for the subject matter that Ballard most commonly pursues, as his most common genre is dystopia. His most celebrated novel in this regard is Crash, in which cars symbolise the mechanisation of the world and man's capacity to destroy himself with the technology he creates; the characters (the protagonist, called Ballard, included) become increasingly obsessed with the violent psychosexuality of car crashes in general, and celebrity car crashes in particular. Ballard's disturbing novel was turned into a controversial—and likewise disturbing—cerebral film by David Cronenberg.

Particularly revered among Ballard's admirers is his short story collection Vermilion Sands, set in an eponymous desert resort town inhabited by forgotten starlets, insane heirs, very eccentric artists, and the merchants and bizarre servants who provide for them. Each story features peculiarly exotic technology such as poetry-composing computers, orchids with operatic voices and egos to match, phototropic self-painting canvasses, etc. In keeping with Ballard's central themes, most notably technologically mediated masochism, these tawdry and weird technologies service the dark and hidden desires and schemes of the human castaways who occupy Vermilion Sands, typically with psychologically grotesque and physically fatal results. In his introduction to Vermilion Sands, Ballard cites this as his favorite collection.

In a similar vein, his collection Memories of the Space Age explores many varieties of individual and collective psychological fallout from—and initial deep archetypal motivations for—the American space exploration boom of the 1960s and 1970s.

In addition to his novels, Ballard made extensive use of the short story form. Many of his earliest published works in the 1950s and 1960s were short stories.

On 13 December 1965, BBC Two screened an adaptation of the short story "Thirteen to Centaurus" directed by Peter Potter. The one-hour drama formed part of the first season of Out of the Unknown and starred Donald Houston as Dr Francis and James Hunter as Abel Granger. In 2003, Ballard's short story "The Enormous Space" (first published in the Science fiction magazine Interzone in 1989, subsequently printed in the collection of Ballard's short stories War Fever) was adapted into an hour-long television film for the BBC entitled Home by Richard Curson Smith, who also directed it. The plot follows a middle class man who chooses to abandon the outside world and restrict himself to his house, becoming a hermit.

Ballard's fiction is sophisticated, often bizarre, and a constant challenge to the cognitive and aesthetic preconceptions of his readers. As Martin Amis has written: "Ballard is quite unlike anyone else; indeed, he seems to address a different - a disused - part of the reader's brain." Because of this tendency to upset readers in order to enlighten them, Ballard does not enjoy a mass-market following, but he is recognised by critics as one of the UK's most prominent writers. He has been influential beyond his mass market success; he is cited as perhaps the most important forebear of the cyberpunk movement by Bruce Sterling in his introduction to the seminal Mirrorshades anthology. Also, his parody of American politics, the pamphlet "Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan", which was subsequently included as a chapter in his experimental novel The Atrocity Exhibition, was photocopied and distributed by pranksters at the 1980 Republican National Convention. In the early 1970s, Bill Butler, a bookseller in Brighton, was prosecuted under United Kingdom obscenity laws for selling the pamphlet.

According to Brian McHale, The Atrocity Exhibition is an essentially post-modern text operating with science fiction topoi.^[14]

In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard hailed Crash as the first great novel of the universe of simulation.

Lee Killough directly cites his seminal Vermilion Sands short stories as the inspiration for her collection Aventine, also a backwater resort for celebrities and eccentrics where bizarre or frivolous novelty technology facilitates the expression of dark intents and drives.

Ballard's obituary in the New York Times included a quote from Robert Weil, his editor at Dutton, explaining that Ballard wrote "literature," and that to call his work "science fiction" was as absurd as to claim that 1984 or Brave New World are science fiction. He appears not to have been joking.

Ballard has had a notable influence on popular music, where his work has been used as a basis for lyrical imagery, particularly amongst British post-punk groups. Examples include albums such as Metamatic by John Foxx, various songs by Joy Division (most famously "The Atrocity Exhibition" from Closer), the song "Down in the Park" by Gary Numan and "Warm Leatherette" by The Normal. Songwriters Trevor Horn and Bruce Woolley credit Ballard's story, "The Sound-Sweep," with inspiring The Buggles' hit, "Video Killed the Radio Star", and Buggles' second album included a song entitled "Vermillion Sands." The 1978 post-punk band Comsat Angels took their name from one of Ballard's short stories.^[15]

An earlier recording of Ballard speaking in an interview is sampled in the Manic Street Preachers' song 'Mausoleum' from the 1994 album The Holy Bible. In the sample, Ballard, probably referring to his novel, Crash, states : "I wanted to rub the human face in its own vomit, I wanted to force it to look in the mirror..."

Other examples of Ballard's influence on contemporary popular music include:

• Jawbox frontman J. Robbins has cited J.G. Ballard as his favorite writer, and used the phrase "concrete island" in the Jawbox song "Grip". The Jawbox song "Motorist" is also heavily influenced by the Ballard novels, Crash and Concrete Island.

• On their PXR5 album, the British psychedelic rock band Hawkwind included the song "High Rise", inspired by both the novel of the same name, and by the short story "The Man on the 99th Floor".

• The 2002 album Bitterness, Spite, Rage & Scorn by British garage rock band Dan Melchior's Broke Revue includes the song "Me and JG Ballard", a narrative about Melchior and Ballard (both residents of Shepperton, UK) unknowingly mirroring each others actions ("Me and JG Ballard, we walk down different streets/Going to the supermarket for something to eat/JG Ballard gets there first, buys some frozen peas/They were the last packet and there’s none there left for me").

• UK Dubstep pioneer Kode9, founder of the influential Hyperdub label, cites Ballard's fiction as a main musical influence as well.

• The 2007 album by the British 'new rave' act the Klaxons takes its name from Ballard's collection of short stories Myths of the Near Future.

• Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke posted extracts from Ballard's anti-consumerist novel Kingdom Come on the band's blog, Dead Air Space, in the months leading up to the release of their 2007 album, In Rainbows.

• Andrew Eldritch, frontman of rock group The Sisters of Mercy has posted his favourite works of Ballard on his site, which contains Crash, The Atrocity Exhibition, High Rise, Low-Flying Aircraft, The Unlimited Dream Company and Myths Of The Near Future. Some of Eldritch' lyrics can be compared to Ballard's world of technology, dystopia and deranged eroticism. (Crash and Burn and Doktor Jeep).

• The opening song title of Madonna's Ray of Light album, "Drowned World/Substitute for Love" (and the Drowned World tour title) is said to have been inspired by Ballard's apocalyptic 1962 novel The Drowned World.

• A User's Guide to the Millennium: Essays and Reviews (Template:Lty)
• Miracles of Life (Autobiography; Template:Lty)

• When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (Template:Fy) dir. Val Guest
• Crash! (Template:Fy) dir. Harley Cokliss^[17]
• Empire of the Sun (Template:Fy) dir. Steven Spielberg
• Crash (Template:Fy) dir. David Cronenberg
• The Atrocity Exhibition (Template:Fy) dir. Jonathan Weiss^[18]
• Aparelho Voador a Baixa Altitude (Template:Fy), dir. Solveig Nordlund. (Portuguese adaptation of the short story "Low Flying Aircraft")^[19]

• Thirteen to Centaurus (Template:Ytv) dir. Peter Potter (BBC Two)
• Home (Template:Ytv) dir. Richard Curson Smith (BBC Four)

• Template:Contemporary writers
• Template:Dmoz
• J. G. Ballard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• J. G. Ballard at IMDb

fan sites

• jgballard.com – Unofficial site with extensive links
• Ballardian: The World of JG Ballard
• J.G. Ballard Collection & Archive
• Cronenberg's Crash – Site about Crash, the novel and the movie

articles, reviews and essays

• The Marriage of Reason and Nightmare, City Journal, Winter 2008
• Miracles of Life reviewed by Karl Miller in the TLS, March 12, 2008
• J.G. Ballard: The Glow of the Prophet Diane Johnson article on Ballard from The New York Review of Books

source material

• Manuscripts for The Unlimited Dream Company at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• J. G. Ballard and his family on the list of the interment camp at Japan Center for Asian Historical Records

obituaries and remembrances

• Obituary in the Times Online
• Obituary in the New York Times
• Obituary in the Los Angeles Times
• Quotes from other writers on BBC News
• More writers' reactions in The Guardian
• A short appreciation in The New Yorker

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