Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd (February 3, 1904 – October 22, 1934) was an American bank robber and alleged killer, romanticized by the press and by folk singer Woody Guthrie in his song "Pretty Boy Floyd".

Floyd was born in Adairsville, Georgia, on February 3, 1904, where his family lived until he was about ten years old. They then moved to the Cookson Hills of Oklahoma. At the age of seventeen, Floyd married Lee Hargrove (also known as Robie or Bobbie). The popular history says that Floyd committed his first crime when he struck down a sheriff's deputy who had been rude, but contemporary sources agree that Floyd simply needed a way to make ends meet.^[1]

The Time magazine of 22 October, 1924, mentions a robbery of $3.50 in pennies from a local post office as his first known crime. He was eighteen years old at the time. Three years later he was arrested for a payroll robbery in St. Louis, Missouri and served three years in prison.^[1]

When paroled, he vowed that he would never see the inside of another prison. Partnering with more established criminals in the Kansas City underworld, he committed a series of bank robberies over the next several years; it was during this period that he earned the nickname "Pretty Boy." Like his contemporary Baby Face Nelson, Floyd hated his nickname.^[1]

Floyd's gang's string of crimes was interrupted in Sylvania, Ohio, where they were caught during a bank robbery. Floyd was sentenced to fifteen years in prison. However, he escaped on his way to prison and rebuilt his gang. In the years that followed, he was blamed for a long string of bank robberies and vilified as a "Public Enemy" by the FBI.

Popular legend holds that he was not, in fact, responsible for all of these, and that his name was being attached to robberies committed by others. In the words of Woody Guthrie, "Every crime in Oklahoma was added to his name."

Floyd would hide out between crimes in towns near the one in which he had grown up, protected by the locals. Popular legend says that they did this out of love for his generosity and their hatred of the banks, which were at that time foreclosing on many farms. However, the contemporary press claimed that he simply bribed them for their silence.^{[citation needed]}

With his partner George Birdwell, Floyd robbed the banks in Earlsboro, Konawa, Maud, Morris, Shamrock, Tahlequah, and on December 12, 1931, two banks in one day at Castle and Paden, Oklahoma. Bank insurance rates doubled, and the governor of Oklahoma placed a $56,000 reward on Floyd.^[1]

Floyd was also accused of participating in the Kansas City Massacre, a shootout, at Union Station, that resulted in the deaths of five men, on June 17, 1933. He denied being there, but the authorities and the press were sure he was involved.^[2] The FBI maintains that Floyd, Vernon Miller, and Adam Richetti, were involved.^[3] Other witnesses say that the three at Union Station were Miller, Wilbur Underhill, and Harvey Bailey.^[4]

After narrowly escaping ambush by the FBI several times, Floyd was killed on October 22, 1934, when FBI agents shot him near East Liverpool, Ohio. As is the case with many aspects of Floyd's life, the circumstances surrounding his final moments are disputed. But in reality Pretty Boy Floyd was also pursued by the Wellsville, Ohio, Police Department. He was at a local pool hall run by a local man. The owner, Charles Joy, was friends with Floyd.

According to the FBI, four FBI agents, led by Melvin Purvis, and four members of the East Liverpool Police Department, led by Chief of Police Hugh McDermott, were searching the area south of Clarkson, Ohio, in two separate cars. They spotted a car moving from behind a corn crib, and then move back. Floyd then emerged from the car and drew a .45 caliber pistol, the FBI agents opened fire. Floyd reportedly said: "I'm done for; you've hit me twice." Floyd died about fifteen minutes after he had been shot.^[3]

There were reports that said: "Floyd died cursing his killers to the end." But these were likely concocted by the newspapers to sell copies.^{[citation needed]}

However, Chester Smith, a retired East Liverpool Police Captain, the sharpshooter who claimed that he shot Floyd first, stated in a 1979 interview, that after he had (deliberately) wounded, but not killed, Floyd.

"I knew Purvis couldn't hit him, so I dropped him with two shots from my .32 Winchester rifle."

Smith claims that he then disarmed Floyd, and that Melvin Purvis, the agent in charge, ran up and ordered: "Back away from that man. I want to talk to him." Purvis questioned him briefly and then ordered him shot at point-blank range, telling agent Herman Hollis to "Fire into him." The interviewer asked if there was a coverup by the FBI, and Smith responded: "Sure was, because they didn't want it to get out that he'd been killed that way." This account is extremely controversial. If true, Purvis effectively executed Floyd without benefit of judge or jury.^[5]

FBI agent Winfred E. Hopton disputes Chester Smith's claim in a letter to the editors of Time Magazine, that appeared in the Monday, Nov. 19, 1979 issue, in response to the Time article "Blasting a G-Man Myth". In his letter he states that he was one of four FBI agents present when Floyd was killed, on a farm several miles from East Liverpool, Ohio. He also states that no members of the East Liverpool Police Department were present. The members of the East Liverpool police department arrived after Floyd was already mortally wounded. He also says that when the four agents confronted Floyd, Floyd turned to fire on them, and two of the four killed Floyd almost instantly. Smith said that Herman Hollis gave the final shot to Floyd on the order of Purvis, but Hopton says Hollis was not present. Hopton also states Floyd's body was transported back to East Liverpool in his [Hopton's] personal car.^[6]

In an ironic twist, Hollis was later killed in a shoot-out with famed bandit Baby Face Nelson.

Floyd's body was embalmed and briefly viewed at the Sturgis Funeral Home, in East Liverpool, Ohio before being sent on to Oklahoma. The Sturgis Funeral Home is now a bed-and-breakfast. Floyd's body was placed on public display in Sallisaw, Oklahoma. His funeral was attended by between twenty and forty thousand people, and remains the largest funeral in Oklahoma history. He was buried in Akins, Oklahoma.

Floyd –earned his nickname from the paymaster's description of him in his first major robbery as "a pretty boy." Though he hated it, it had staying power.^[7]

Five years after Floyd's death, Woody Guthrie wrote a ballad romanticizing his life of crime. This song has been performed by many of the great figures in country and folk music, like Joan Baez as well as Ramblin' Jack Elliott, and was recorded by Bob Dylan on the Smithsonian's tribute to Guthrie in 1988. The song plays up Floyd's generosity to the poor, and contains the very famous line:

"Some will rob you with a six-gun,
And some with a fountain pen."

The song has also been covered by The Byrds on their album Sweetheart of the Rodeo, by Wall of Voodoo, by folk-punk band Ghost Mice, by Alastair Moock on his album Bad Moock Rising, by Guthrie's son Arlo on his album Precious Friend with Pete Seeger, by the Canadian folk-rock/bluegrass group The Duhks on their debut album, Your Daughters & Your Sons, and folk musician Dana Cooper on his album Made of Mud. It was also covered by Legendary Irish Folk Singer Christy Moore on his album Live in Dublin with Donal Lunny and Jimmy Faulkner

It has been suggested that Flattop Jones, a villain from the Dick Tracy comic strip, was modeled on Floyd. Like the real-life figure, Flattop hailed from Oklahoma's Cookson Hills.

A film, Pretty Boy Floyd, was made in 1960 by Herbert J. Leder, starring John Ericson. Another film, A Bullet for Pretty Boy, was released in 1970, starring Fabian. He was also played by Steve Kanaly in the 1973 film Dillinger, and by Bo Hopkins in the 1975 TV-movie, The Kansas City Massacre. He was portrayed by Martin Sheen in the 1974 TV movie, The Story of Pretty Boy Floyd.

Pretty Boy Floyd is mentioned in Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five's "The Message" at 05:27 (Now you're unemployed, all null an' void; Walkin' round like you're Pretty Boy Floyd).

Many books have been written about Pretty Boy Floyd, including a semi-fictionalized biography by Pulitzer Prize-winner Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana in 1994. In this work, Floyd is sympathetically portrayed as a good natured man and a reluctant killer, popular with women but devoted to his family. He is more a victim of the poor social conditions of the time than a cold blooded criminal.

There were also two glam metal bands called Pretty Boy Floyd, a Canadian band that has broken up and an American band who are still together. See: Pretty Boy Floyd (American) and Pretty Boy Floyd (Canadian).

Floyd was mentioned in the novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, in which Ma Joad claims that she knew Floyd's mother and that Pretty Boy Floyd was a good man that just got backed into a corner. When her son Tom sets out on his own, she reminds him of Floyd and is afraid that even though he is trying to help people, he might be similarly driven and cut down by the police.

Floyd features front and center in Image Comic's 2008 mini-series " Pretty, Baby, Machine" that teams Pretty Boy Floyd, Baby Face Nelson and Machine Gun Kelly together. PBM is by Clark Westerman and Kody Chamberlain.

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• Time, 22 October 1934
• "Sister of infamous gunslinger 'Pretty Boy Floyd' recalls a kindly brother," Associated Press; May 14 2002
• King, Jeffrey, "The Life and Death of Pretty Boy Floyd" Atlas Books, 1998; ISBN 0-87338-582-9
• McMurtry, Larry and Ossana, Diana , "Pretty Boy Floyd," Simon & Schuster; ISBN 0-671-89167-7

• Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd: Public Enemy No. 1
• Kansas City Massacre FBI History
• Woody Guthrie Woody Guthrie pages, which in turn rely on the liner notes for Bobby Barnett, American Heroes & Western Legends, Bear Family Records (BCD 16 121 AH), 1997
• Sturgis House, East Liverpool, Ohio
• Mini-Biography on the Internet Movie Database[1]