Emperor Kōtoku: Difference between revisions
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He was a descendant of [[Emperor Bidatsu]]. He was a son of Chinu no ōkimi (Prince Chinu) by Kibihime no ōkimi (Princess Kibihime). [[Empress Kogyoku|Empress Kōgyoku]] was his elder sister from same parents. Chinu was a son of Prince Oshisaka hikohito no ōe whose father was the Emperor Bidatsu. He had at least three consorts including his Empress, Hashihito no Himemiko (Princess Hashihito), the daughter of [[Emperor Jomei]] and his sister Empress Kōgyoku. |
He was a descendant of [[Emperor Bidatsu]]. He was a son of Chinu no ōkimi (Prince Chinu) by Kibihime no ōkimi (Princess Kibihime). [[Empress Kogyoku|Empress Kōgyoku]] was his elder sister from same parents. Chinu was a son of Prince Oshisaka hikohito no ōe whose father was the Emperor Bidatsu. He had at least three consorts including his Empress, Hashihito no Himemiko (Princess Hashihito), the daughter of [[Emperor Jomei]] and his sister Empress Kōgyoku. |
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==Events of Kotoku |
==Events of Emperor Kotoku's reign== |
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He ruled from [[July 12]], [[645]]<ref name=Japanese_dates2>[[July 12]], [[645]] corresponds to the Fourteenth Day of the Sixth Month of [[645]] ([[Sexagenary cycle|isshi]]).</ref> until his death in [[654]]. |
He ruled from [[July 12]], [[645]]<ref name=Japanese_dates2>[[July 12]], [[645]] corresponds to the Fourteenth Day of the Sixth Month of [[645]] ([[Sexagenary cycle|isshi]]).</ref> until his death in [[654]]. |
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* ''[[Nadaijin]]'', Nakatomi Kamako no Muraji <ref>Brown, p. 266.</ref> |
* ''[[Nadaijin]]'', Nakatomi Kamako no Muraji <ref>Brown, p. 266.</ref> |
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==Eras of Kotoku |
==Eras of Emperor Kotoku's reign== |
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The years of Kotoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names| era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 47.</ref> |
The years of Kotoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names| era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 47.</ref> |
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* ''[[Taika]]'' (645-650) |
* ''[[Taika]]'' (645-650) |
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Revision as of 13:54, 19 September 2007
Emperor Kōtoku (孝徳天皇 Kōtoku-tennō) (596 - November 24, 654)[1] was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. The years of his reign lasted from 645 through 654.[2]
Genealogy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his iminia)[3] was Karu-shinnō, also known as Ame-Yorodzu Toyo-hi (meaning "Heaven-myriad-abundant-sun").[4]
He enacted the Taika Reform Edicts.
He was a descendant of Emperor Bidatsu. He was a son of Chinu no ōkimi (Prince Chinu) by Kibihime no ōkimi (Princess Kibihime). Empress Kōgyoku was his elder sister from same parents. Chinu was a son of Prince Oshisaka hikohito no ōe whose father was the Emperor Bidatsu. He had at least three consorts including his Empress, Hashihito no Himemiko (Princess Hashihito), the daughter of Emperor Jomei and his sister Empress Kōgyoku.
Events of Emperor Kotoku's reign
He ruled from July 12, 645[5] until his death in 654.
In 645 he ascended to the throne two days after Prince Naka no Ōe assassinated Soga no Iruka in the court of Kōgyoku. Kōgyoku abdicated in favor of his son and crown prince, Naka no Ōe, but Naka no Ōe insisted Kōtoku should ascend to the throne instead.
- 645: In the 3rd year of Kōgyoku-tennō's reign (皇極天皇3年), she abdicated, and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by her younger brother. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kōtoku is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[6]
According to Nihonshoki he was of gentle personality and was favor in Buddhism.
In 645 he created a new city in the area called Naniwa, and moved the capital from Yamato province to this new city (see Nara). The new capital had a sea port and was good for foreign trade and diplomatic activities.
In 653 Kotoku sent an embassy to Tang Dynasty, but not all ships could reach China because of wrecking.
Naka no Ōe held the rank of crown prince and was the de facto leader of the government. In 653 Naka no Ōe proposed to move the capital again to Yamato province. Kotoku denied. Naka no Ōe ignored the emperor's policy and moved to the former province. Many courtiers and loyals in the court including Empress Hashihito followed him. Kotoku was left in the palace. In the next year he died because of illness. After his death, Naka no Ōe wouldn't ascend to the throne. Instead, his mother and the sister of Kotoku, the former Empress Kogyoku ascended to the throne under another name, Empress Saimei.
The system of hasshō kyakkan (eight ministries and a hundred offices) was first established during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku.[7]
Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kōtoko's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Sadaijin, Abe Kurahashi Maro [8]
- Sadaijin, Kose Toko no Ō-omi [9]
- Udaijin, Soga Yamada Ishikawa Maro [10]
- Udaijin, Ōtomo Nagatoko no Muraji [11]
- Nadaijin, Nakatomi Kamako no Muraji [12]
Eras of Emperor Kotoku's reign
The years of Kotoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[13]
References
- ^ November 24, 654 corresponds to the Tenth Day of the Tenth Month of 654 (kōin) of the traditional lunisolar calendar used in Japan until 1873.
- ^ Titsinh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 47-30; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 266-267; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 132-133.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264. [Up until the time of Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their iminia) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.]
- ^ Aston, William. (2005). Nihongi, p. 195-196; Brown, p. 266.
- ^ July 12, 645 corresponds to the Fourteenth Day of the Sixth Month of 645 (isshi).
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 47-48; Brown, p. 266; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
- ^ Varley, p. 133.
- ^ Brown, p. 266.
- ^ Brown, p. 266.
- ^ Brown, p. 266.
- ^ Brown, p. 266.
- ^ Brown, p. 266.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 47.
- Aston, William G. (2005). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0-804-83674-4
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien (1221)], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652) ], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.--Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006. Click here to read the original text in French.
- Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4