Orders of magnitude (temperature): Difference between revisions
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|10<sup>0</sup>||1 K||align=left bgcolor="#E0E0E0"|1 K, temperature at the [[Boomerang nebula]], the coldest natural environment known<br>1.5 K, [[melting point]] of overbound [[helium]]<br>2.19 K, [[lambda point]] of overbound [[helium#Helium II state|superfluid helium]]<br>2.725 K, [[cosmic microwave background]]<br>4.1 K, [[superconductivity]] point of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]<br>4.22 K, [[boiling point]] of bound [[helium]]<br>5.19 K, [[critical temperature]] of [[helium]]<br>7.2 K, superconductivity point of [[lead]]<br>9.3 K, superconductivity point of [[niobium]] |
|10<sup>0</sup>||1 K||align=left bgcolor="#E0E0E0"|1 K, temperature at the [[Boomerang nebula]], the coldest natural environment known<br>1.5 K, [[melting point]] of overbound [[helium]]<br>2.19 K, [[lambda point]] of overbound [[helium#Helium II state|superfluid helium]]<br>2.725 K, [[cosmic microwave background]]<br>4.1 K, [[superconductivity]] point of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]<br>4.22 K, [[boiling point]] of bound [[helium]]<br>5.19 K, [[critical temperature]] of [[helium]]<br>7.2 K, superconductivity point of [[lead]]<br>9.3 K, superconductivity point of [[niobium]] |
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|10<sup>1</sup>||10 K||align=left|[[Fermi energy|Fermi melting point]] of [[valence electrons]] for [[superconductivity]]<br>14.01 K, melting point of bound [[hydrogen]]<br>20.28 K, boiling point of bound [[hydrogen]]<br>33 K, [[critical temperature]] of [[hydrogen]]<br>44 K, mean surface temperature of [[Pluto (planet)|Pluto]]<br>53 K, mean temperature of [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]]<br>63 K, melting point of bound [[nitrogen]]<br>68 K, mean temperature of [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]<br>77.35 K, boiling point of bound [[nitrogen]]<br>90.19 K, boiling point of bound [[oxygen]]<br>92 K, [[superconductivity]] point of [[Yttrium|Y]]-[[Barium|Ba]]-[[Copper|Cu]]-[[Oxygen|oxide]] ([[YBCO]])<br> |
|10<sup>1</sup>||10 K||align=left|[[Fermi energy|Fermi melting point]] of [[valence electrons]] for [[superconductivity]]<br>14.01 K, melting point of bound [[hydrogen]]<br>20.28 K, boiling point of bound [[hydrogen]]<br>33 K, [[critical temperature]] of [[hydrogen]]<br>44 K, mean surface temperature of [[Pluto (planet)|Pluto]]<br>53 K, mean temperature of [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]]<br>63 K, melting point of bound [[nitrogen]]<br>68 K, mean temperature of [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]]<br>77.35 K, boiling point of bound [[nitrogen]]<br>90.19 K, boiling point of bound [[oxygen]]<br>92 K, [[superconductivity]] point of [[Yttrium|Y]]-[[Barium|Ba]]-[[Copper|Cu]]-[[Oxygen|oxide]] ([[YBCO]])<br>everyday substances near [[liquid air]]'s temperature with incipient [[Fermi surface|Fermi-condensate]] populations result in spontaneose [[luminescence]], loss or lack of [[hysteresis]], inductive and capacitive electronic moments that readily [[adsorption|adsorb]] or [[levitation|expel or float]] upon unlike substances: <ref>[http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases] "Liquid Gases". '' Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia''. (1911, 2006)</ref> |
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|10<sup>2</sup>||100 K||align=left bgcolor="#E0E0E0"|[[infrared]] excitations<br>183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest surface air temperature recorded on Earth<br>273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound [[water]]<br>about 293 K, room temperature<br>373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound [[water]]<br>See [[Orders of magnitude (temperature)#Detailed list of temperatures from 100 K to 1000 K|detailed list]] below |
|10<sup>2</sup>||100 K||align=left bgcolor="#E0E0E0"|[[infrared]] excitations<br>183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest surface air temperature recorded on Earth<br>273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound [[water]]<br>about 293 K, room temperature<br>373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound [[water]]<br>See [[Orders of magnitude (temperature)#Detailed list of temperatures from 100 K to 1000 K|detailed list]] below |
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Revision as of 09:09, 3 April 2007
| Factor | Multiple | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−∞ | 0 K | absolute zero: free-bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system |
| 10−30 | 1 wK | particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe (see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy)) |
| 10−18 | 1 aK | macroscopic teleportation of matter |
| 10−15 | 1 fK | atomic waves coherent over inches atomic particles decoherent over inches |
| 10−12 | 1 pK | 100 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, during an experiment on nuclear magnetic ordering in the Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab 450 pK, lowest temperature Bose-Einstein condensate ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT within sodium gas[1] |
| 10−9 | 1 nK | 50 nK, Fermi melting point of potassium-40 Bose melting point of bosonic atomic gasses Doppler-locked refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps |
| 10−6 | 1 μK | nuclear demagnetization |
| 10−3 | 1 mK | radio excitations 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 cinetic dilution sorting of isotopes adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 950 mK, melting point of helium microwave excitations |
| 100 | 1 K | 1 K, temperature at the Boomerang nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium |
| 101 | 10 K | Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K, mean surface temperature of Pluto 53 K, mean temperature of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K, mean temperature of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide (YBCO) everyday substances near liquid air's temperature with incipient Fermi-condensate populations result in spontaneose luminescence, loss or lack of hysteresis, inductive and capacitive electronic moments that readily adsorb or expel or float upon unlike substances: [2] |
| 102 | 100 K | infrared excitations 183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest surface air temperature recorded on Earth 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water about 293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water See detailed list below |
| 103 | 1 kK | visible light excitations 1170 K, large log fire flames 1670 K, blue candle flame 1808 K, melting point of bound iron (lower for steel) 1870 K, Bunsen burner flame 1900 K, Space Shuttle Orbiter hull temperature in 8km/s dive 2013 K, boiling point of lead 3683 K, melting point of tungsten 3925 K, sublimation point of carbon 4160 K, melting point of bound hafnium carbide 4700 K, triple point of overbound carbon 5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame 5300 K in dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-dioxygen flame 5780 K, surface of the Sun 5828 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, average temperature of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7736 K, temperature at which a monatomic ideal gas has kinetic energy of one electron volt ultraviolet excitations anionic sparks |
| 104 | 10 kK | 10 kK, surface of Sirius A 10-15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 25 kK, average temperature of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 32 kK, surface of Sirius B 37 kK in proton-electron reactions 300 kK, estimated temperature 17 meters from Little Boy at detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations |
| 106 | 1 MK | gamma excitations 5 MK, temperature of the Sun's corona 13.6 MK, temperature of Sun's core 100 MK, temperature needed for controlled nuclear fusion |
| 109 | 1 GK | 1 GK, temperature 100 seconds after the Big Bang 3 GK in electron-positron reactions 10 GK in supernova explosions 10 GK, temperature 1 second after the Big Bang |
| 1012 | 1 TK | 1 TK, QCD matter undergoes a phase transition from hadrons to a quark-gluon plasma 3-5 TK in proton-antiproton reactions Z0 electronuclear excitations 10 TK, temperature 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 300–900 TK at proton-nickel collisions in the Tevatron's Main Injector |
| 1015 | 1 PK | .3–2.2 PK at proton-antiproton collisions in same |
| 1018 | 1 EK | 2–13 EK at heavy nuclear collisions in the Large Hadron Collider |
| 1021 | 1 ZK | heart of galactic clusters-mergers |
| 1024 | 1 YK | .5–7 YK at Oh-My-God particular collisions |
| 1027 | 1 XK | symmetry breaking grand unified fieldly excitations, temperature 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang |
| 1030 | 1 WK | 1.4×1032 K, Planck temperature of micro black holes, temperature 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang |
| 1033 | 1033 K | all fieldly excitations Landau poles extradimensional gauge freedom |
Detailed list of temperatures from 100 K to 1000 K
| Kelvins | Degrees Celsius |
Degrees Fahrenheit |
Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 K | -173.15 °C | -279.67 °F | |
| 125 K | -148 °C | -234.4 °F | superconductivity point of Tl-Ba-Cu-oxide |
| 138 K | -135 °C | -211 °F | superconductivity point of Hg-Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-oxide |
| 143 K | -130 °C | -202 °F | mean "surface" temperature of Saturn |
| 152 K | -121 °C | -185.8 °F | mean "surface" temperature of Jupiter |
| 184 K | -89 °C | -128.6 °F | coldest climatic temperature recorded on Earth |
| 194.6 K | -78.5 °C | -109.3 °F | sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice) |
| 210 K | -63 °C | -81.4 °F | mean surface temperature of Mars |
| 234.32 K | -38.83 °C | -37.9 °F | melting point of mercury |
| 255.37 K | -17.78 °C | 0 °F | coldest brine-ice solution found by Fahrenheit |
| 273.15 K | 0 °C | 32 °F | melting point of water (at STP) |
| 287 K | 14 °C | 57 °F | mean surface temperature of Earth |
| 293.15 K | 20 °C | 68 °F | room temperature |
| 310 K | 37 °C | 98.6 °F | human body temperature |
| 331 K | 58 °C | 136.4 °F | hottest climatic temperature recorded on Earth |
| 373.15 K | 100 °C | 212 °F | boiling point of water |
| 400 K | 127 °C | 260.6 °F | max. temperature at Concorde nose tip |
| 452 K | 179 °C | 354.2 °F | mean surface temperature of Mercury |
| 600.65 K | 327.50 °C | 621.5 °F | melting point of lead |
| 737 K | 464 °C | 867.2 °F | mean surface temperature of Venus |
| 755 K | 482 °C | 900 °F | a typical electric oven on the self-cleaning cycle |
| 933.47 K | 660.32 °C | 1220.6 °F | melting point of aluminium |
| 1000 K | 727.15 °C | 1340.87 °F |
Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.
References
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/09/11/cold_sodium030911
- ^ http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases "Liquid Gases". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia. (1911, 2006)