Kipchak languages: Difference between revisions

Kipchak
Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
Geographic; distribution	Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Ukraine, China
Ethnicity	Kipchaks
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak; ;
Subdivisions	Kipchak–Bulgar; Kipchak–Cuman; Kipchak–Nogai; Kyrgyz–Kipchak;
Language codes
Glottolog	kipc1239

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.

Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /d͡ʒ/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example

Unique features

Family-specific

Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") ^{[citation needed]}
Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

Language-specific

In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic		Tatar (for example)
Mid → high
*e	/e/	i	/i/
*o	/o/	u	/u/
*ö	/ø/	ü	/y/
High → Mid
*i	/i/	e	/e/
*ı	/ɯ/	ı	/ɤ/
*u	/u/	o	/o/
*ü	/y/	ö	/ø/

Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Kipchak	Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)		Bashkir Tatar † Old Tatar (Ural-Volga Turki)^[1]
			Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)		Crimean Tatar^{[nb 1]} Karachay-Balkar (Mountain Turkic) Kumyk Karaim Krymchak Urum † Armeno-Kipchak † Cuman
			Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)		Kazakh Karakalpak Nogai Siberian Tatar Baraba † Fergana Kipchak
			Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)	Southern Altai Turkic^[3]	Southern Altai Teleut^[4]
				Kyrgyz^{[nb 2]}	Kyrgyz

Notes

^ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.^[2]
^ Although Kyrgyz isn't a language family, it is added to this table as such in order to ensure the formatting works correctly.

References

^ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
^ Yazyki mira Языки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
^ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)
^ Nevskaya, I.A. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-16.

Bibliography

Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

[3] Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.^[2]

[6] Although Kyrgyz isn't a language family, it is added to this table as such in order to ensure the formatting works correctly.

[1] Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.

[2] Yazyki mira Языки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.

[4] Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)

[Nevskaya-5] Nevskaya, I.A. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-16.

[1]

[nb 1]

[3]

[4]

[nb 2]

[2]

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 ====Family-specific====
 *Extensive [[rounded vowel|labial]] [[vowel harmony]] (e.g. ''olor'' vs. ''olar'' "them") {{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
-*Frequent [[fortition]] (in the form of [[assibilation]]) of initial {{IPA|*/j/}} (e.g. *{{IPA link|j}}etti'' > ''{{IPA link|ʒ}}etti'' "seven")
+*Frequent [[fortition]] (in the form of [[assibilation]]) of initial {{IPA|*/j/}} (e.g. ''*{{IPA link|j}}etti'' > ''{{IPA link|ʒ}}etti'' "seven")
 *[[Diphthong]]s from syllable-final {{IPA|*/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|*/b/}} (e.g. *''taɡ'' > ''taw'' "mountain", *''sub'' > ''suw'' "water")

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