Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Maharana Pratap: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Jha09 (talk | contribs)
Extended confirmed users
12,378 edits
→Issue: Added link.
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Jha09 (talk | contribs)
Extended confirmed users
12,378 edits
Updated info
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 33: Line 33:
|[[Rani Lakha Bai|Lakha Bai]]
|[[Rani Lakha Bai|Lakha Bai]]
}}
}}
|issue = 22 including 17 sons<ref name="c9o" />{{Unbulleted list
|issue = 22, including 17 sons and 5 daughters<ref name="c9o" />{{Unbulleted list
|[[Amar Singh I]]
|[[Amar Singh I]]
|[[Bhagwan Das (Prince of Mewar)|Bhagwan Das]]
|[[Bhagwan Das (Prince of Mewar)|Bhagwan Das]]
|[[Chanda Singh (Prince of Mewar)|Chanda Singh]]
|[[Chanda Singh (Prince of Mewar)|Chanda Singh]]
|[[Shekha Singh (Prince of Mewar)|Shekha Singh]]
|[[Shekha Singh (Prince of Mewar)|Shekha Singh]]
|Rakhmavati
|and 5 daughters}}
|Ram Kanwar}}
|full name = Rana Pratap Singh Sisodiya
|full name = Rana Pratap Singh Sisodiya
|regnal name = Maharana Pratap
|regnal name = Maharana Pratap

Revision as of 08:05, 5 September 2022

For other people named Pratap Singh, see Pratap Singh (disambiguation).

Maharana Pratap
Maharana
Mewari Rana
Kika
Portrait of Maharana Pratap by Raja Ravi Varma
13th Rana of Mewar
Reign1572 – 1597[1]
Coronation28 February 1572
PredecessorUdai Singh II
SuccessorAmar Singh I
MinistersBhamashah
Born9 May 1540 (1540-05-09)
Kumbhalgarh, Mewar[1]
(present day: Kumbhal Fort, Rajsamand District, Rajasthan, India)
Died19 January 1597(1597-01-19) (aged 56)[2]
Chavand, Mewar[1]
(Present day:Chavand, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India)
ConsortAjabde Punwar[3]
Wives
Issue22, including 17 sons and 5 daughters[3]
Names
Rana Pratap Singh Sisodiya
Regnal name
Maharana Pratap
HouseSisodias of Mewar
FatherUdai Singh II
MotherMaharani Jaivanta Bai
ReligionHinduism
Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar II
(1326–1971)

Pratap Singh I (lit. 'Bravery or Dignity'); popularly known as Maharana Pratap (c. 9 May 1540 – 19 January 1597) was a king of Mewar from the Sisodia dynasty.[4] He was the son of Rana Udai Singh and Maharani Jaivanta Bai and the grandson of Rana Sanga and Rani Karnavati. Pratap became a folk hero for his military resistance against the expansionism of the Mughal Empire under Akbar through guerrilla warfare which proved inspirational for later rebels against Mughals including Shivaji. He was known as one of the greatest warrior and one of the best Javelin thrower.[5]

Pratap ascended the throne in 1572, post his father Udai Singh II and became the 13th Rana of Mewar. Rana Pratap sought to avenge the 1567 pillage of his capital, Chittor and subsequent raids by Akbar; this was in notable contrast to his fellow Hindu princes, who had submitted to the Mughals. Because of his fight for freedom against the Mughals, Pratap is widely regarded as India's first native freedom fighter.[6]

Pratap was succeeded as Rana by his son Amar Singh I, post his death in 1597. He was the grandfather of Karan Singh II.

Early life and family

Kumbalgarh fort, Pratap's birth place

Maharana Pratap was born on 9 May 1540 in Kumbhalgarh to Udai Singh II of Mewar and his queen consort, Maharani Jaivanta Bai, the same year his father ascended the throne in Kumbhalgarh.[7] He was the grandson of Rana Sanga and Rani Karnavati. Pratap belonged to the Royal Sisodia family of Mewar.[8]

Pratap's younger step-brothers were Shakti Singh and Vikramdev Singh from his step-mother Sajja Bai Solankini. His other brothers were Jagmal Singh, Agar Singh and Pachyad Singh from his step-mother Dheer Bai Bhatiyani. He also had two step-sisters Maan Kanwar and Chand Kanwar.[9]

Maharana Pratap childhood helped him in becoming the great warrior. His childhood was spent mainly at Kumbhalgarh and Chittor.[10] His mother Jaivanta Bai narrated the folklore of valor and honor, of his ancestors, Ramayana, Mahabharata and taught war principles of Krishna to Maharana Pratap during his childhood, in order to shape the character of her son.[11]

Marriages

Maharana Pratap got married to Ajabde Punwar of Bijolia when she was 15 years old and he was 17 years old. She was his childhood friend and remained his chief consort and favourite queen.[12] Ajabde gave birth to his successor Amar Singh I and his other son Bhagwan Das. She played an important role in Pratap's administrative decisions and court matters. She also accompanied him to the forest after the Battle of Haldighati.[13]

Pratap fifth wife was Phool Bai Rathore the princess of Marwar. This marriage based on political alliance, strengthened Mewar and Marwar's relation. He has two sons with Phool Bai. His other queens were Solanki princess Solankhinipur Bai, Champa Bai Jhati, Chauhan princess Jasobai Chauhan, Hada princess Shahmati Bai Hadi, Khichar Asha Bai, Chauhan princess Alamde Bai Chauhan, Parmar princess Ratnawati Bai Parmar, Rathore princess Amar Bai Rathore and Lakha Bai. All these marriages were the result of political alliance.[14]

Maharana Pratap had 15 more sons including Chanda Singh, Shekha Singh, Durjan Singh, Maal Singh, Ram Singh and 5 daughter including Rakhnavati, Durgavati, Kusumavati among others, from his other queens. All his sons were provided jagirs of various places.[15]

Reign

Accession to throne

After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai wanted her son Jagmal Singh to succeed him to the throne.[16] But senior courtiers preferred Pratap, as the eldest son, to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed. Udai Singh died in 1572, and Prince Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of Mewar in the line of the Sisodia Rajputs and the 14th Rana of Mewar.[17] Jagmal swore revenge and left for Ajmer, to join the armies of Akbar and obtained the town of Jahazpur as a Jagir, a gift in return for his help.[18]

Rana of Mewar

Maharana Pratap ascended the throne post his father Udai Singh II death in 1572. His father left behind a temporary Mewar kingdom government in Gogunda. Pratap faced constant war threats from the Mughals as Akbar wanted the Mewar Kingdom under the Mughals.[19]

To prepare against the Mughals, Pratap first altered his administration. He moved his capital to Kumbhalgarh. Pratap was called the light and life of the Hindu community and was an able administrator.[20] His administrative organization was well structured. Maharana Pratap wanted non-cooperation and passive resistance to Akbar’s tax collectors. On the other hand, his tax-collection was liberal.[21]

Captial at Chavand

Post the Battle of Haldighati, Maharana Pratap wandered in the forest along with his family. They faced hard situations and Pratap then started guerrilla warfare against the Mughals.[22] After 1579, the Mughal pressure relaxed over Mewar and Pratap recovered Western Mewar including Kumbhalgarh, Udaipur and Gogunda.[23]

In 1585, Pratap established the new capital of Mewar at Chavand. Maharana Pratap’s appointed Bhamashah as his prime minister and his brother Tarachand was appointed as a governor of 'Godwad' region. The provided financial support to Pratap during the battle.[24]

Historical accounts

Pratap Singh was known for his hulk-like body structure. According to historians, Maharana had heavy-weight javelin and armour on his chest when he fought in the Haldighati battle on 18 June 1576.[25]

Maharana Pratap was a compassionate human. His bonding with his loyal horse named Chetak who lost his life while jumping across a 21-feet wide river to save his master’s life, is the stuff of legends. He also owned an elephant, Ramprasad, who killed two war elephants of the Mughal army. When Akbar imprisoned Ramprasad, he didn’t eat or drink anything losing his life on the 18th day.[26]

War against Mughals

Background

In stark contrast to other Rajput rulers who accommodated and formed alliances with the various Muslim dynasties in the subcontinent, the state of Mewar, led by Pratap Singh, gained distinction for its refusal to form any political alliance with the Mughal Empire and its resistance to Muslim domination. The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led to the Battle of Haldighati.[27][28]

Battle of Haldighati

Main article: Battle of Haldighati

The bloody Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568 had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the Mughals. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the Aravalli range was still under the control of Maharana Pratap. Mughal Emperor Akbar was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys, including one by Raja Man Singh of Amer, entreating him to become a vassal like many other rulers in Rajputana. When Pratap refused to personally submit to Akbar, war became inevitable.[29][30]

The Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 between Pratap Singh and Mughal forces led by Man Singh I of Amer. The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the Mewaris but failed to capture the Pratap.[31][32][33] The site of the battle was a narrow mountain pass at Haldighati near Gogunda, modern day Rajsamand in Rajasthan. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. The Mughals were led by Man Singh of Amber, who commanded an army numbering around 10,000 men. After a fierce battle lasting more than three hours, Pratap found himself wounded and the day lost. He managed to retreat to the hills and lived to fight another day.[34]

Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to kill or capture Pratap, or any of his close family members in Udaipur.[35] While the sources also claim that Pratap was able to make a successful escape, Mansingh managed to conquer Gogunda within a week after Haldighati then ended his campaign. Subsequently, Akbar himself led a sustained campaign against the Rana in September 1576, and soon, Gogunda, Udaipur, and Kumbhalgarh were all under Mughal control.[35]

Reconquest of Mewar

Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in Bengal and Bihar and Mirza Hakim's incursion into the Punjab. After this, Akbar sent Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan to invade Mewar but he stopped at Ajmer. In 1582, Pratap Singh attacked and occupied the Mughal post at Dewair (or Dewar) in the Battle of Dewair.[36] This led to the automatic liquidation of all 36 Mughal military outposts in Mewar. After this Akbar sent Jagannath Kachhwaha to invade Mewar in 1584.

In 1585, Akbar moved to Lahore and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period. Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered most of Mewar (except its former capital), Chittorgarh and Mandalgarh regions by defeating Mughal forces there. During this period, he also built a new capital, Chavand, near modern Dungarpur.[37]

Revival of Mewar

Maharana Pratap took refuge in the Chappan area and started attacking the Mughal strongholds where he was accompanied by Ajabde Punwar. By 1583 he had successfully captured western Mewar, which included Dewar, Amet, Madariya, Zawar and the fort of Kumbalgarh. Pratap then made Chavand his capital and constructed a Chamunda mata temple there.[38]

The Maharana was able to live in peace for a short time and started establishing order in Mewar. From 1585 till his death, the Rana had recovered a large part of Mewar. The citizens who had migrated out of Mewar started returning during this time. There was good monsoon which helped to revive the agriculture of Mewar. The economy also started getting better and trade in the area started increasing. The Rana was able to capture the territories west of Chittor but could not fulfill his dream of capturing Chittor itself.[39]

Patronage of art

Maharana Pratap's court at Chavand had given shelter to many poets, artists, writers and artisans. The Chavand School Of Art was developed during the reign of Rana Pratap. Pratap patronize and cultivate art, craft and paintings, chief among them was the Ragmala series of paintings.[40]

Dursa Arha wrote nationalist stance in his bold Dingal poems in favor of Maharana Pratap in his struggle against the Mughals. Pratap's love of architecture could be noticed from the places at Ubheshwar, Kamal Nath and Chavand.[41]

The miniature paintings in Udaipur depict the royal festivals of Mewar. In current times, Mewar paintings mostly adorn the walls of the City Palace and the two luxury, heritage properties — Fateh Prakash Palace and Shiv Niwas Palace in Udaipur.[42]

Issue

Maharana Pratap had 17 sons:[43]

Additionally, Pratap had 5 daughters:

  • Rakhmavati
  • Ram Kanwar
  • Kusumavati
  • Durgavati
  • Suk Kanwar

Death

Reportedly, Maharana Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident at Chavand on 19 January 1597, aged 56.[44] Pratap was succeeded by his eldest son, Amar Singh I. On his death bed, Pratap told his son to never submit to the Mughals and to win Chittor back.[45]

Legacy

Veer Shiromani Maharana Pratap

Maharana Pratap is a prominent figure in both folk and contemporary Rajasthani culture and is viewed as a celebrated warrior in that state, as well as in India as a whole. He is highly regarded for his war and struggle against the Mughals. Maharana Pratap’s morality and war rules inspired Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan to write poetry in his honor.[46]

Historian Satish Chandra notes –

"Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitute a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of guerrilla warfare was later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Emperor Shivaji".[47][48]

Bandyopadhyay also seconds Satish Chandra's view with the observation that

Pratap's successful defiance of Mughals using guerrilla strategy also proved inspirational to figures ranging from Emperor Shivaji to anti-British revolutionaries in Bengal.[49]

In the Book of President, Abraham Lincoln stated –

I was about to come to India, when i asked my mother if i could bring something for her. My mother said, "Bring the sand of Haldighati of that great country, whose king sacrificed his everything for the welfare of his people and loyalty towards his motherland".[50]

Cultural depictions and honours

Architecture

Statue of Maharana Pratap in City Palace, Udaipur

Transport infrastructure

Maharana Pratap Airport

Dams and reservoirs

Universities and colleges

Awards and honours

Stamp of India - Maharana Pratap Singh (1998)
  • Maharana Pratap Award - Highest sporting award in Rajasthan.
  • A commemorative postage stamp on the 400th Death Anniversary of Rana Pratap Singh I in 1998.
  • A commemorative postage stamp in 1967 and 2016.

Others

Films and television

Literature

Maharana Pratap is the main character in the following novels:

  • Maharana Pratap: The Invincible Warrior by Rima Hooja (2018)[11]
  • Maharana Pratap: Mewar's Rebel King by Brishti Bandyopadhyay (2007)
  • Maharana Pratap: A Biography by S. R. Sharma
  • Maharana Pratap: The Hero Of Haldighati by Kesri Singh (2016)
  • Maharana Pratap: A Rajput Hero, India's Pride by Biren Trivedi (2014)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Rana Pratap Singh – Indian ruler". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  2. ^ Nahar 2011, p. 7.
  3. ^ a b "Maharana Pratap Jayanti: Know The Real-Life Story Of The Brave Rajput Warrior". News18. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  4. ^ Meininger, Irmgard (2000). The Kingdom of Mewar: great struggles and glory of the world's oldest ruling dynasty. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 81-246-0144-5.
  5. ^ "Remembering Maharana Pratap: 10 amazing facts about the Rajput king and warrior". India Today. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  6. ^ Köpping, Klaus-Peter; Leistle, Bernhard; Rudolph, Michael, eds. (2006). Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 286. ISBN 978-3-82588-042-2. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  7. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur. Orient Blackswan. p. 48. ISBN 978-8-12500-333-5.
  8. ^ Rana 2004, pp. 28, 105.
  9. ^ Daryanani, Mohan B. (1999). Who's who on Indian Stamps. p. 302. ISBN 978-8-49311-010-9.
  10. ^ Sharma, Gopi Nath; Mathur, M. N. Maharana Pratap & his times. Udaipur State: Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti. p. 29.
  11. ^ a b "How did Maharana Pratap's childhood prepare him to be a king? A new book looks into his childhood, love and marriages". Scroll. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  12. ^ "महाराणा प्रताप ने बिजोलिया के गढ़ पैलेस में मारा था तोरण, राजकुमारी अजबदेह से रचाया था ब्याह". Navbharat Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  13. ^ "मुश्किल हालात में भी नहीं छोड़ा साथ: जानिए महाराणा प्रताप और उनकी महारानी अजबदे पंवार की कहानी।". Jansatta. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Ajabde Punwar to Phool Bai Rathore: Known all about the powerful queens of Maharana Pratap". Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  15. ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (2002). Maharana Pratap: A Biography. Hope India Publ. ISBN 978-81-7871-005-1.
  16. ^ Lal, Muni (1980). Akbar. University of Michigan: Vikas Publishers. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-70691-076-6.
  17. ^ Augustus 1890, p. 190; Rana 2004, p. 17.
  18. ^ Majumdar 1974, p. 234.
  19. ^ Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.). p. 46. ISBN 978-8-17625-841-8.
  20. ^ The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan by M. S. Naravane ISBN 81-7648-118-1
  21. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series Rajputana. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908. pp. 106–168.
  22. ^ Gopinath Sharma (1954). Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala.
  23. ^ G. C. Raychaudhuri (1940). History of Mewar from the Earliest Times to 1303 A.D. Kanjilal, Calcutta University Press. OCLC 917040797.
  24. ^ Maharana Pratap & his times by Gopi Nath Sharma, M. N. Mathur, Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti - 1989 - Page 62
  25. ^ "Maharana Pratap birth anniversary: 5 lesser known facts about the great warrior". DNA. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  26. ^ "Maharana Pratap: Known all about the compassionate nature of India's first original freedom fighter". Firstpost. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  27. ^ DeNapoli, Antoinette Elizabeth (1 April 2014). Real Sadhus Sing to God: Gender, Asceticism, and Vernacular Religion in Rajasthan. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-994002-8.
  28. ^ Talbot, Cynthia (2016). The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-107-11856-0.
  29. ^ Sarkar 1960, p. 75.
  30. ^ Chandra 2005, pp. 119–120.
  31. ^ de la Garza 2016, p. 56One year later the Rajputs attempted a similar all-out charge at Haldighati. The result was an even more decisive Mughal victory.
  32. ^ Raghavan 2018, p. 67Although most of the other Rajput rulers soon entered the Mughal alliance system, the kingdom of Mewar continued its resistance. Udai Singh was followed by his son, Pratap Singh, whose continued opposition to Mughal expansion – despite military defeats, most notably in the battle of Haldighati in 1576...
  33. ^ Jacques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  34. ^ Sarkar 1960, p. 77–79.
  35. ^ a b Chandra 2005, pp. 121–122.
  36. ^ Saraswat, Akshay (9 May 2020). "Maharana Pratap – The Rajput Warrior who single-handedly fought Akbar's might". www.ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  37. ^ Chandra 2005, p. 122.
  38. ^ "Maharana Pratap - History of Chittorgarh". www.chittorgarh.com. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  39. ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company. pp. 473–474. ISBN 9788129115010.
  40. ^ Bhatt, Rajendra Shankar (2005). Maharana Pratap. National Book Trust, India. ISBN 978-81-237-4339-4.
  41. ^ Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700. Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-8125032267. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  42. ^ "Udaipur: Glimpses Of History In The Timeless Art Of Mewar". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  43. ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1986). The Mughal Empire (1526-1803). Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. p. 269: Amar Singh's brave fight at Dewair.
  44. ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (2005). Maharana Pratap. p. 91. ISBN 978-8-17871-003-7.
  45. ^ Rana 2004, pp. 77–79; Nahar 2011, pp. 198–201.
  46. ^ Nahar 2011, p. 1.2.
  47. ^ Chandra, Satish (1983). "Medieval India". National Council for Educational Training and Research. p. 153.
  48. ^ Meena, R. P. "Rajasthan Year Book 2021".
  49. ^ Bandyopadhyay, Brishti (2007). Maharana Pratap: Mewar's Rebel King. New Delhi: Rupa Co.
  50. ^ "Birth anniversary of Abraham Lincoln: From Maharana Pratap to stock market, Lincoln's India connection". Times Now. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  51. ^ "Maharana Pratap's statue unveiled at the Parliament of India". Hindustan Times. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  52. ^ "Maharana Pratap Memorial - Moti Magri, Udaipur". udaipur.org.uk. Udaipur India. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  53. ^ "Maharana Pratap Inter-State Bus Terminus, in Delhi". Times of India. New Delhi. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  54. ^ "Rana Pratap Sagar Hydel Power Station". Chambal River Valley Development Project. Retrieved 14 May 2011. " Out of the Rs 40.65 Croes spent in the construction of Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Power House in the second stage Rs 14.74 croes were spent on the construction of Power Station
  55. ^ "Maharana Pratap Sagar Ramsar Site details" Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, World66.com.
  56. ^ Horticultural Sciences varsity in Karnal to be named after Maharana Pratap, Daily News & Analysis, 18 Apr 2017.
  57. ^ "Foundation stone laid for Rana Pratap centre". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com/. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  58. ^ Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (1994). Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema. British Film Institute. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-85170-455-5.
  59. ^ Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema: Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi) Produced Between 1913–1988. Screen World Publication. 1988. p. 65.
  60. ^ "Director's Biography: V G Samant". cfsindia.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  61. ^ "Big-budget serial 'Maharana Pratap – The Pride of India' ready to go on air". India Today. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  62. ^ "Chetak – The Wonder Horse". Disney+ Hotstar.
  63. ^ "Bharatvarsh: Episode 8: Watch inspirational story of Maharana Pratap, who stood against all odds". YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Sources

Maharana Pratap
Born: 9 May 1540 Died: 19 January 1597
Preceded by Sisodia Rajput Ruler
1572–1597 		Succeeded by
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3ADiff%2F1108593858