Kipchak languages: Difference between revisions

Kipchak
Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
Geographic; distribution	Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Ukraine
Ethnicity	Kipchaks
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak; ;
Subdivisions	Kipchak–Bulgar; Kipchak–Cuman; Kipchak–Nogai; Kyrgyz–Kipchak;
Language codes
Glottolog	kipc1239

The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.

Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example

Unique features

Family-specific

Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") ^{[citation needed]}
Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

Language-specific

In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic		Tatar (for example)
Mid → high
*e	/e/	i	/i/
*o	/o/	u	/u/
*ö	/ø/	ü	/y/
High → Mid
*i	/i/	e	/e/
*ı	/ɯ/	ı	/ɤ/
*u	/u/	o	/o/
*ü	/y/	ö	/ø/

Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into five groups (one of which is extinct), based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Group	Language	Number of speakers^[1]^[2]
Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)	Bashkir	2,000,000
	Tatar	5,500,000
	Old Tatar language †	0
Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)	Karachay-Balkar	400,000
	Kumyk	450,000
	Karaim	100
	Krymchak	200
	Urum	200,000
	Crimean Tatar^{[nb 1]}	600,000
	Cuman †	0
Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)	Kazakh	14,000,000
	Karakalpak	650,000
	Siberian Tatar Baraba Tatar	100,000
	Nogai	100,000
Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)	Kyrgyz	5,000,000
Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)	Southern Altai	55,720
South Kipchak †	Fergana Kipchak †	0

Notes

^ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.^[3]

References

^ https://www.ethnologue.com/
^ https://glottolog.org/
^ Yazyki mira Языки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.

Bibliography

Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

[4] Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.^[3]

[1] ttps://www.ethnologue.com/

[2] ttps://glottolog.org/

[3] Yazyki mira Языки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.

[1]

[2]

[nb 1]

[3]

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 | 100,000
 |-
-| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kyrgyz–Kipchak''' (Kyrgyz)
+| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | '''Kyrgyz–Kipchak''' (Kyrgyz)
 |'''[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]'''
 | 5,000,000
+|-
+|'''[[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]'''
+| 55,720
 |-
 | rowspan="1" bgcolor="#f1e9df" | South Kipchak †

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