{{Short description|Extinct subfamily of mammals}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|fossil_range = {{fossil_range|60.9|37.2}} late [[Paleocene]] to late [[Eocene]]

|image = Patriofelis-mount.jpg

|image_caption = ''[[Patriofelis|Patriofelis ferox]]'' skeleton

|image2 = Sarkastodon mongoliensis NT.jpg

|image2_caption = Reconstruction of ''[[Sarkastodon|Sarkastodon mongoliensis]]''

|display_parents = 3

|taxon = Oxyaeninae

|authority = Cope, 1877<ref>E. D. Cope (1877.) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/247082#page/7/mode/1up "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874."] Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.</ref>

|type_genus = †''[[Oxyaena]]''

|type_genus_authority = Cope, 1874

|subdivision_ranks = Genera

|subdivision =

* †''[[Argillotherium]]''

* †''[[Dipsalidictis]]''^{<small>([[paraphyletic]] genus)</small>}

* †''[[Malfelis]]''

* †''[[Oxyaena]]''

* †''[[Patriofelis]]''

* †''[[Protopsalis]]''

* †''[[Sarkastodon]]''

|synonyms =

* Oxyaenidae {{small|(Cope, 1877)}}

}}

'''Oxyaeninae''' ("sharp [[hyena]]s") is a extinct [[Family (biology)|subfamily]] of [[Oxyaenidae|oxyaenids]] from the late [[Paleocene]] to late [[Eocene]] of [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]].<ref name="Gunnel1991">{{cite journal |last=Gunnel |first=Gregg F. |author2=Gingerich, Philip D. |title=Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming |journal=Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=141–180 |publisher=The University of Michigan |date=30. 9. 1991 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48543/2/ID397.pdf}}</ref><ref name="McKenna & Bell">Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'' in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. {{page|year=|isbn=978-0-231-11013-6|pages=}}</ref>

==Classification and phylogeny==

===Taxonomy===

* Subfamily: †'''Oxyaeninae''' <small>(Cope, 1877)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Argillotherium]]'' <small>(Cope, 1877)</small>

*** †''Argillotherium toliapicum'' <small>(Davies, 1884)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Dipsalidictis]]'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small> '''<−−−'''[''[[paraphyletic]] genus'']

*** †''Dipsalidictis aequidens'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small>

*** †''Dipsalidictis krausei'' <small>(Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)</small>

*** †''Dipsalidictis platypus'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small>

*** †''Dipsalidictis transiens'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Malfelis]]'' <small>(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)</small>

*** †''Malfelis badwaterensis'' <small>(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)<ref name="Stucky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Stucky |first1=R. K. |last2=Hardy |first2=T. G. |year=2007 |title=A new large hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming |journal=Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History |volume=39 |pages=57–65 |doi=10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[57:anlhom]2.0.co;2}}</ref></small>

** Genus: †''[[Oxyaena]]'' <small>(Cope, 1874)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena forcipata'' <small>(Cope, 1874)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena gulo'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena intermedia'' <small>(Denison, 1938)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena lupina'' <small>(Cope, 1874)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena pardalis'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena simpsoni'' <small>(Van Valen, 1966)</small>

*** †''Oxyaena woutersi'' <small>(Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Patriofelis]]'' <small>(Leidy, 1870)</small>

*** †''Patriofelis ferox'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>

*** †''Patriofelis ulta'' <small>(Leidy, 1870)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Protopsalis]]'' <small>(Cope, 1880)</small>

*** †''Protopsalis tigrinus'' <small>(Cope, 1880)</small>

** Genus: †''[[Sarkastodon]]'' <small>(Granger, 1938)</small>

*** †''Sarkastodon henanensis'' <small>(Tong & Lei, 1986)</small>

*** †''Sarkastodon mongoliensis'' <small>(Granger, 1938)</small>

===Phylogeny===

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Oxyaeninae are shown in the following cladogram:<ref name="Gunnel1991"/><ref name="Solé2011">F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eae9/bc5dfb9a478bf3ca45a2c38cb861379aa6a2.pdf?_ga=2.59969512.472729911.1589891706-554869084.1587828483 "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications."] Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41</ref><ref>Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ede.12219 "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars."] Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.</ref><ref>Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1_1 "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"], Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.</ref><ref name="Zack">{{Cite journal |author=Shawn P. Zack |year=2019 |title=A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=653–689 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;

|label1=&nbsp;'''[[Pan-Carnivora]]'''&nbsp;

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|label1=&nbsp;†'''Hyaenodonta'''&nbsp; |sublabel1=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;

|1={{clade

|grouplabel1=†'''''Altacreodus''/''Tinerhodon'' clade'''

|1={{clade

|1=†''[[Altacreodus]]'' |barbegin1=#EE7F2D

|2=†''[[Tinerhodon]]'' |barend2=#EE7F2D

}}

|2=†[[Hyaenodonta|'''Hyaenodonta''' {{small|(''sensu stricto'')}}]] [[File:Hyaenodon_horridus_by_R._B._Horsfall_(coloured).jpg|55px]]

}}

|2='''[[Carnivoramorpha]]''' [[File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]]

}}

|label2=&nbsp;†'''[[Oxyaenidae|Oxyaenodonta]]'''&nbsp;

|2={{clade

|label1=&nbsp;†'''[[Oxyaenidae]]'''&nbsp;

|1={{clade

|1=†'''[[Tytthaena|Tytthaeninae]]'''

|2={{clade

|thickness2=2

|1={{clade

|1=†'''[[Machaeroidinae]]''' [[File:Machaeroides-eothen.jpg|60px]]

|2=†'''[[Palaeonictinae]]'''

}}

|label2=&nbsp;†'''Oxyaeninae'''&nbsp;

|2={{clade

|thickness=2 |color=green |grouplabel1=†''[[Dipsalidictis]]''

|1=†''[[Dipsalidictis|Dipsalidictis aequidens]]'' |barbegin1=green

|2={{clade

|thickness=2 |color=green

|1=†''[[Dipsalidictis|Dipsalidictis krausei]]'' |bar1=green

|2=†''[[Dipsalidictis|Dipsalidictis platypus]]'' |bar2=green

|3={{clade

|thickness=2 |color=green |color2=black

|1=†''[[Dipsalidictis|Dipsalidictis transiens]]'' |barend1=green

|2={{clade

|thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Oxyaena]]''&nbsp;

|1={{clade

|thickness=2

|1={{clade

|thickness=2

|1={{clade

|thickness=2

|1=†''Oxyaena intermedia''

|2=†''Oxyaena forcipata''

}}

|2=†''Oxyaena gulo''

}}

|2=†''Oxyaena lupina'' [[File:Oxyaena by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg|60px]]

|3=†''Oxyaena simpsoni''

|4=†''Oxyaena pardalis''

|5={{clade

|thickness=2

|1=†''Oxyaena woutersi''

|2=†''Oxyaena'' sp. (Europe)

}} }}

|label2=&nbsp;†''[[Sarkastodon]]''&nbsp;

|2={{clade

|thickness=2

|1=†''Sarkastodon henanensis''

|2=†''Sarkastodon mongoliensis''

}}

|label3=&nbsp;†''[[Malfelis]]''&nbsp;

|3=†''Malfelis badwaterensis''

|label4=&nbsp;†''[[Argillotherium]]''&nbsp; |sublabel4=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state4=dotted

|4=†''Argillotherium toliapicum''

|5={{clade

|thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Protopsalis]]''&nbsp;

|1=†''Protopsalis tigrinus''

|label2=&nbsp;†''[[Patriofelis]]''&nbsp;

|2={{clade

|thickness=2

|1=†''Patriofelis ferox'' [[File:Patriofelis ferox by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png|60px]]

|2=†''Patriofelis ulta''

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Oxyaenidae}}

[[Category:Oxyaenidae| ]]