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The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Swahili language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. This reflects Standard Swahili, and dialects may have more or fewer phonemes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-sw}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. |
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Swahili language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. This reflects Standard Swahili, and dialects may have more or fewer phonemes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-sw}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}. |
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Revision as of 15:46, 20 January 2021
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swahili language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. This reflects Standard Swahili, and dialects may have more or fewer phonemes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sw}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
| Consonants | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
| ɓ | baba [ˈɓɑɓɑ] 'father' | bill |
| ɗ | dola [ˈɗɔlɑ] 'dollar' | delta |
| ð | dhambi [ˈðɑᵐbi] 'sin, offence'[1] | that |
| ʄ ~ dʒ | maji [ˈmɑʄi ~ ˈmɑdʒi] 'water' | jab |
| f | fisi [ˈfisi] 'hyena' | focus |
| ɠ | gani [ˈɠɑni] 'what, of which' | gag |
| ɣ | ghali [ˈɣɑli] 'expensive'[1] | Scottish loch but voiced |
| h | uhuru [uˈhuru] 'freedom' | ahead |
| j | yeye [ˈjɛjɛ] 'he/she' | yellow |
| k | kitabu [kiˈtɑbu] 'book' | scald |
| l | lakini [lɑˈkini] 'but'[2] | lack |
| m | damu [ˈɗɑmu] 'blood' | mocha |
| m̩ | mtoto [m̩ˈtɔtɔ] 'child' | rhythm |
| ᵐb | mbali [ˈᵐbɑli] 'far' | clamber |
| ᶬv | mvinyo [ˈᶬviɲɔ] 'spirits' | Humvee |
| n | nini [ˈnini] 'what' | ninny |
| n̩ | nchi [ˈn̩tʃi] 'country' | even (syllabic nasal) |
| ⁿd | muhindi [muˈhiⁿdi] 'corn, maize' | handy |
| ᵑɡ | ngoma [ˈᵑɡɔmɑ] 'drum' | finger |
| ⁿdʒ | injili [iˈⁿdʒili] 'gospel' | range |
| ⁿz | kwanza [ˈkwɑⁿzɑ] 'to begin' | pansy |
| ɲ | nyoka [ˈɲɔkɑ] 'snake' | canyon |
| ŋ | ng'ombe [ˈŋɔᵐbɛ] 'cow, ox' | sing |
| p | kikapu [kiˈkɑpu] 'basket' | spill |
| r | rafiki [rɑˈfiki] 'friend'[2] | N. Am. and Australian better, Scots three |
| s | sisi [ˈsisi] 'we' | stole |
| ʃ | shamba [ˈʃɑᵐbɑ] 'farm, field' | shell |
| t | moto [ˈmɔtɔ] 'fire' | stand |
| tʃ | chumba [ˈtʃuᵐbɑ] 'room' | chase |
| θ | thelathini [θɛlɑˈθini] 'thirty'[1] | think |
| v | vitabu [viˈtɑbu] 'books' | vittle |
| w | watu [ˈwɑtu] 'people' | with |
| x | subulkheri [suɓulˈxɛri] 'good morning'[1] | Scottish loch |
| z | maziwa [mɑˈziwɑ] 'milk' | zoo |
| Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
| ɑ | baba Swahili pronunciation: [[ˈɓɑɓɑ]] 'father' | father |
| ɛ | ndege Swahili pronunciation: [[ˈⁿdɛɠɛ]] 'bird' | let |
| i | Kiswahili Swahili pronunciation: [[kiswɑˈhili]] 'Swahili (language)' | meat |
| ɔ | mtoto Swahili pronunciation: [[m̩ˈtɔtɔ]] 'child' | off |
| u | uhuru Swahili pronunciation: [[uˈhuɾu]] 'freedom' | fool |
| ː | kondoo Swahili pronunciation: [[kɔˈⁿdɔː]] 'sheep' | vowel length |
| Suprasegmentals | ||
|---|---|---|
| IPA | Examples | Explanation |
| ˈ | safari [sɑˈfɑri] 'journey' | stress[3] |
Notes
- ^ a b c d Only found in loanwords.
- ^ a b Swahili /r/ is either a short trill [r] or more commonly a flap [ɾ] in many areas. The distinction between /l/ and /r/ is a recent one, and many speakers have only a single sound, often an alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
- ^ Stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable of a word.
Bibliography
- Contini-Morava, Ellen (1997), "Swahili phonology", in Kaye, Allen (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, vol. 1, Eisenbrauns, pp. 841–860
- Mohammed, Mohammed Abdullah (2001), Modern Swahili Grammar, Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers Ltd., ISBN 9966-46-761-0