Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

List of southernmost items

The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements

See also: Southernmost settlements
Item Place Latitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation) New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′20″S 174°46′38″E / 41.28889°S 174.77722°E / -41.28889; 174.77722 (Wellington, New Zealand)
Permanent settlement of any size Antarctica Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people[1] Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Hamlet (excluding research stations) Chile Puerto Toro, Chile 55°5′0″S 67°4′30″W / 55.08333°S 67.07500°W / -55.08333; -67.07500 (Puerto Toro, Chile)
Town > 1,000 people Chile Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
City > 50,000 people Argentina Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
City > 100,000 people Chile Punta Arenas, Chile 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
City > 150,000 people Argentina Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina 45°51′53″S 67°28′51″W / 45.86472°S 67.48083°W / -45.86472; -67.48083 (Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina)
City > 250,000 people New Zealand Christchurch, New Zealand 43°31′48″S 172°37′13″E / 43.53000°S 172.62028°E / -43.53000; 172.62028 (Christchurch, New Zealand)
City > 500,000 people Argentina Mar del Plata, Argentina 38°00′S 57°33′W / 38.000°S 57.550°W / -38.000; -57.550 (Mar del Plata, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people Australia Melbourne, Australia 37°48′49″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81361°S 144.96306°E / -37.81361; 144.96306 (Melbourne, Australia)
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W / 34.60333°S 58.38167°W / -34.60333; -58.38167 (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people Brazil São Paulo, Brazil 23°33′06″S 46°38′01″W / 23.55167°S 46.63361°W / -23.55167; -46.63361 (São Paulo, Brazil)

Geography

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable) Bay of Whales, Ross Sea 78°30′S 164°20′W / 78.500°S 164.333°W / -78.500; -164.333
Land (excluding Antarctica) Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 59°31′50″S 27°23′50″W / 59.53056°S 27.39722°W / -59.53056; -27.39722

Islands

See also: List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
Item Place Latitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level) Deverall Island 81°28′S 161°54′E / 81.467°S 161.900°E / -81.467; 161.900
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered) Ross Island 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667
Any size excluding Antarctica Thule Island 59°27′S 27°18′W / 59.450°S 27.300°W / -59.450; -27.300
Island > 10,000 km2 excluding Antarctica Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile 55°02′S 56°27′W / 55.033°S 56.450°W / -55.033; -56.450
Island > 100,000 km2 South Island, New Zealand 46°40′S 169°00′E / 46.667°S 169.000°E / -46.667; 169.000
Coral atoll Elizabeth Reef, Australia 29°57′S 159°04′E / 29.950°S 159.067°E / -29.950; 159.067

The southernmost point of Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature

Animals

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) seen at the South Pole[2] 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole, Antarctica)
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum) Southern tip of South America[3] 53°54′S 71°18′W / 53.900°S 71.300°W / -53.900; -71.300 (Gray four-eyed frog)
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Southern Ocean[4][5] 80th parallel south
Land mammal: Olive grass mouse (Abrothrix olivacea) Hornos Island, Chile[6] 55°56′38.68″S 67°17′21″W / 55.9440778°S 67.28917°W / -55.9440778; -67.28917 (Abrothrix)
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli) Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina[7] 47°06′00″S 66°29′01″W / 47.1°S 66.48361°W / -47.1; -66.48361 (Lestodelphys)
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego[8] 52°22′57″S 68°24′36″W / 52.382367°S 68.409956°W / -52.382367; -68.409956 (Liolaemus)
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica) Refuge Islands[9][10] 68°21′S 67°10′W / 68.350°S 67.167°W / -68.350; -67.167 (Antarctic midge)
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarctica Ross Sea[11] 75th parallel south

Plants

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica[12] 90°00′S 139°16′W / 90.000°S 139.267°W / -90.000; -139.267 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Ferns (Blechnum penna-marina, naturally occurring) Hornos Island, Chile[13] 55°56′38.68″S 67°16′51″W / 55.9440778°S 67.28083°W / -55.9440778; -67.28083 (Hornos Island, Chile)
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring) Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica[14] 68°42′S 67°32′W / 68.700°S 67.533°W / -68.700; -67.533 (Terra Firma Islands)
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring) Hornos Island, Chile[15] 55°58′S 67°15′W / 55.967°S 67.250°W / -55.967; -67.250 (Cape Horn)
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring) Tierra del Fuego, Chile[16][17] 54°20′S 70°7′W / 54.333°S 70.117°W / -54.333; -70.117 (Tierra del Fuego)
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring) Chatham Islands, New Zealand[18] 44°02′S 176°26′W / 44.033°S 176.433°W / -44.033; -176.433 (Chatham Islands, New Zealand)

Agriculture

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Cattle farm Estancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[19] 54°58′32″S 66°44′41″W / 54.97556°S 66.74472°W / -54.97556; -66.74472 (Estancia Moat)
Cherry orchard Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina[20] 46°32′30″S 71°39′20″W / 46.54167°S 71.65556°W / -46.54167; -71.65556
Potato farm Centro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile[21] 52°37′59″S 70°32′41″W / 52.63306°S 70.54472°W / -52.63306; -70.54472
Rice field San Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile[22][23] 36°30′12″S 72°12′44″W / 36.503333°S 72.212222°W / -36.503333; -72.212222 (San Nicolás)
Vineyard Chile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile[24] 46°32′00″S 71°41′16″W / 46.53333°S 71.68778°W / -46.53333; -71.68778 (Viñedo experimental)

Education

Item Place Latitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate school John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand[25] 45°51′17″S 170°29′55″E / 45.85472°S 170.49861°E / -45.85472; 170.49861 (John McGlashan College in Dunedin)
University National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina[26] 54°48′57″S 68°19′04″W / 54.81583°S 68.31778°W / -54.81583; -68.31778 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Kindergarten Puerto Williams,[27] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Kindergarten in Puerto Williams)
Secondary school Puerto Williams, Chile[28] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Primary school Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica[29] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)

Science and technology

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Astronomical observatory South Pole Telescope, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole Telescope, Antarctica)
Permanent scientific
research station 		Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Planetarium Tūhura Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand[30] 45°51′56″S 170°30′38″E / 45.86556°S 170.51056°E / -45.86556; 170.51056 (Otago Museum)
Nuclear power plant Atucha I, Argentina[31] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)
Atucha II, Argentina[citation needed] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)

Historical sites and archaeological findings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Prehistoric archaeological site Yaghan people's Cape Horn hunting camp,[32] Chile. 55°58′19″S 67°15′50″W / 55.97183°S 67.264006°W / -55.97183; -67.264006 (Isla Hornos, Chile)

Transportation

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights) Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 89°59′22″S 1°00′00″W / 89.98944°S 1.00000°W / -89.98944; -1.00000 (Jack F. Paulus Skiway, Antarctica)
Seaport/Harbour Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica[33] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Narrow gauge railway Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica[34][35]

The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.[34]

66°40′S 140°01′E / 66.667°S 140.017°E / -66.667; 140.017 (Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica)
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights) Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport)
International airport Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°50′S 68°17′W / 54.833°S 68.283°W / -54.833; -68.283 (Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport)
Traffic light Hipólito Yrigoyen/Constitución Fueguina, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°49′42″S 68°20′04″W / 54.82834°S 68.33436°W / -54.82834; -68.33436
Suspension bridge Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands[36] 51°51′14″S 59°01′04″E / 51.853912°S 59.017825°E / -51.853912; 59.017825 (Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge)
Railway Southern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina[37] 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Electrified railway Wellington station, Wellington, New Zealand 41°16′43″S 174°46′51″E / 41.27861°S 174.78083°E / -41.27861; 174.78083
Metro station Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina[38] 34°38′35″S 58°27′42″W / 34.64306°S 58.46167°W / -34.64306; -58.46167 (Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón)
Underground railway station Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia 37°48′44″S 144°57′22″E / 37.81222°S 144.95611°E / -37.81222; 144.95611
Tramway system Christchurch Heritage Tram, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′07″S 172°38′28″E / 43.53528°S 172.64111°E / -43.53528; 172.64111 (Christchurch Heritage Tram) (southernmost point of route)
Tramway system (as part of mass transit, excluding heritage routes) Melbourne, Australia 37°54′52″S 145°1′0″E / 37.91444°S 145.01667°E / -37.91444; 145.01667 (southernmost point of route)
Trolleybus Valparaíso, Chile 33°2′46″S 71°36′16″W / 33.04611°S 71.60444°W / -33.04611; -71.60444

Recreation

Sport

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bowling club Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand[39] 46°53′57″S 168°07′43″E / 46.899224°S 168.128746°E / -46.899224; 168.128746 (Stewart Island Bowling Club)
Ski resort Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[40] 54°43′S 68°00′W / 54.717°S 68.000°W / -54.717; -68.000 (Cerro Castor)
Golf club Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina[41] 54°49′52″S 68°25′02″W / 54.831183°S 68.417283°W / -54.831183; -68.417283 (Ushuaia Golf Club)

Religious buildings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Church (ice-made) Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica[42][43] 77°52′S 34°37′W / 77.867°S 34.617°W / -77.867; -34.617 (Belgrano II Base, Antarctica)
Church (regular) Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica[citation needed] 62°12′S 58°58′W / 62.200°S 58.967°W / -62.200; -58.967 (King George Island, Antarctica)
Mormon church Puerto Williams, Chile[44] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Mormon church of Puerto Williams, Chile)
Cathedral El Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile[45] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Hindu temple Centro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile[46] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Mosque Southland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand[47] 46°24′35″S 168°23′20″E / 46.40972°S 168.38889°E / -46.40972; 168.38889 (Invercargill, New Zealand)
Synagogue Dunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand[48][49] 45°52′S 170°30′E / 45.867°S 170.500°E / -45.867; 170.500 (Dunedin, New Zealand)
Buddhist stupa the Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand[50] 45°51′S 170°39′E / 45.850°S 170.650°E / -45.850; 170.650 (Portobello, New Zealand)
Sikh Gurdwara New Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand[51] 41°12′S 174°57′E / 41.200°S 174.950°E / -41.200; 174.950 (New Zealand Sikh Society)

Shops and service facilities

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Tourist office Puerto Williams,[52] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Restaurant Lodge Lakutaia,[53] Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′12″S 67°36′47″W / 54.936789°S 67.613039°W / -54.936789; -67.613039
Cinema Jubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula[citation needed] 62°14′S 58°40′W / 62.233°S 58.667°W / -62.233; -58.667 (Jubany)
Public post office Port Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica[54] 64°49′S 63°30′W / 64.817°S 63.500°W / -64.817; -63.500 (Port Lockroy, Antarctica)
Bar Faraday Bar,[55] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica 65°14′45″S 64°15′27″W / 65.245747°S 64.257391°W / -65.245747; -64.257391
Automated teller machine McMurdo Station, Antarctica[56] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)

International brand names

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Mercedes-Benz retailer Mario Bonetto Rodados y Servicios, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′05″S 68°17′06″W / 54.80131°S 68.28499°W / -54.80131; -68.28499
Toyota retailer Celentano Motors, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°47′30″S 68°14′12″W / 54.79156°S 68.23678°W / -54.79156; -68.23678
Volkswagen retailer Ushuaia, Argentina 54°47′27″S 68°14′25″W / 54.79077°S 68.24022°W / -54.79077; -68.24022
Mobil petrol station Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′46″S 168°21′42″E / 46.42944°S 168.36167°E / -46.42944; 168.36167 [57]
Tesla retailer Wigram, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′44″S 172°33′34″E / 43.54562°S 172.55936°E / -43.54562; 172.55936 [58]
H&M Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′00″S 172°38′16″E / 43.53333°S 172.63778°E / -43.53333; 172.63778 [59]
Shell petrol station Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia 43°00′00″S 147°19′13″E / 43.00000°S 147.32028°E / -43.00000; 147.32028 [60]
Aldi Wonthaggi, Victoria, Australia 38°36′15″S 145°35′34″E / 38.60429°S 145.59273°E / -38.60429; 145.59273
7-Eleven Rosebud, Victoria, Australia 38°21′25″S 144°54′04″E / 38.35694°S 144.90111°E / -38.35694; 144.90111 [61]
ECCO Moorabbin, Melbourne, Australia 37°58′15″S 145°05′21″E / 37.97083°S 145.08917°E / -37.97083; 145.08917 [62]
IKEA Springvale, Melbourne, Australia 37°55′36″S 145°08′36″E / 37.92667°S 145.14333°E / -37.92667; 145.14333
Zara Chadstone Shopping Centre, Malvern East, Melbourne, Australia 37°53′05″S 145°05′00″E / 37.88464°S 145.08320°E / -37.88464; 145.08320

Franchised food brands

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Hard Rock Café Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′25″S 68°18′23″W / 54.806825°S 68.3062502°W / -54.806825; -68.3062502
Domino's Pizza Punta Arenas, Chile 53°08′20″S 70°53′23″W / 53.138801°S 70.889852°W / -53.138801; -70.889852
Pizza Hut Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′41″E / 46.427798°S 168.361313°E / -46.427798; 168.361313
Subway Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′42″E / 46.427908°S 168.361736°E / -46.427908; 168.361736
McDonald's Invercargill, New Zealand[63] 46°25′15″S 168°21′41″E / 46.420921°S 168.361503°E / -46.420921; 168.361503
KFC Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′08″S 168°21′42″E / 46.418758°S 168.361609°E / -46.418758; 168.361609
Burger King Invercargill, New Zealand[64] 46°24′48″S 168°21′42″E / 46.413267°S 168.361750°E / -46.413267; 168.361750
Starbucks Invercargill, New Zealand[65] 46°24′43″S 168°20′57″E / 46.411950°S 168.349075°E / -46.411950; 168.349075
Wendy's Dunedin, New Zealand[66] 45°53′38″S 170°30′14″E / 45.894013°S 170.503808°E / -45.894013; 170.503808
Taco Bell Dunedin North, Dunedin, New Zealand 45°51′39″S 170°30′45″E / 45.86095°S 170.51238°E / -45.86095; 170.51238
Denny's Christchurch Central, Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′25″S 172°38′21″E / 43.54034°S 172.63921°E / -43.54034; 172.63921
Baskin-Robbins Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia 37°49′50″S 145°03′24″E / 37.830423°S 145.056742°E / -37.830423; 145.056742

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria

Item Place Latitude/longitude
National park Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile 55°49′58″S 67°25′58″W / 55.83278°S 67.43278°W / -55.83278; -67.43278 (Cabo de Hornos National Park)
Penguin reserve Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile[67]
Aviary Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′13″S 168°21′37″E / 46.40361°S 168.36028°E / -46.40361; 168.36028
Botanical garden Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina[68] 54°47′07″S 68°16′56″W / 54.78528°S 68.28222°W / -54.78528; -68.28222

Other

Item Place Latitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural) French Austral Land and Seas[69] 90°00′S 45°00′E / 90.000°S 45.000°E / -90.000; 45.000 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina) (southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural) Cueva de las Manos, Argentina[70] 47°09′S 70°40′W / 47.150°S 70.667°W / -47.150; -70.667 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina)
Skyscraper (>100 m) Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′19″S 174°46′27″E / 41.288501°S 174.774296°E / -41.288501; 174.774296 (Majestic Centre)
Opera house Oamaru Opera House, Oamaru, New Zealand 45°05′55″S 170°58′13″E / 45.0986°S 170.9703°E / -45.0986; 170.9703 (Oamaru Opera House)
High-rise building Cue Building,[71] Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′40″S 168°20′57″E / 46.4110°S 168.3493°E / -46.4110; 168.3493 (Cue Building)
Mine Invierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile[72] 52°52′12″S 71°37′31″W / 52.87000°S 71.62528°W / -52.87000; -71.62528 (Mina Invierno)
Brewery Cerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina[73] 54°47′24″S 68°15′57″W / 54.789983°S 68.265745°W / -54.789983; -68.265745 (Cerveza Artesenal Beagle)
Lighthouse Monumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile[74] 55°57′54″S 67°13′12″W / 55.96500°S 67.22000°W / -55.96500; -67.22000
Bell tower Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church, Milton, New Zealand 46°07′22″S 169°57′25″E / 46.12278°S 169.95694°E / -46.12278; 169.95694 (Tokomairiro Presbyterian Church)
Place of birth of a human Esperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) [75] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)
Cemetery Buromskiy Island, Antarctica[76] 66°32′S 93°00′E / 66.533°S 93.000°E / -66.533; 93.000 (Buromskiy Island Cemetery)

See also

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

References

  1. ^ "4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  2. ^ "Skuas - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection". Archived from the original on February 11, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ Fairbanks, Mailing Address: 101 Dunkel St Suite 110; Us, AK 99701 Phone: 907459-3730 Contact. "Amphibians 101 - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2020-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Antarctica: Marine Mammals". www.marinebio.net. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
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Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southernmost