Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Seung-Hui Cho

This article is about the murderer. For the South Korean singer and actress, see Cho Seung-hee.
In this Korean name, the family name is Cho.

Seung-Hui Cho
Born
Cho Seung-hui

(1984-01-18)January 18, 1984
Asan, South Korea
DiedApril 16, 2007(2007-04-16) (aged 23)
Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot
Alma materVirginia Tech
MotiveInconclusive, possibly misanthropy or retaliation for bullying
Details
DateApril 16, 2007; 17 years ago (2007-04-16)
7:15 a.m., 9:40 – 9:51 a.m.
Location(s)Virginia Tech campus
Target(s)Students, teachers and other workers
Killed33 (including himself)[1][2]
Injured23 (17 from gunfire)
WeaponsWalther P22
Glock 19
Seung-Hui Cho
Hangul
조승희
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJo Seunghui
McCune–ReischauerCho Sŭnghŭi
/ˌtʃoʊ sʌŋhiː/
Korean pronunciation: [tɕo sɯŋhi] ⓘ
Part of a series of articles
on the
Virginia Tech
shooting
A photo of one of the commemorative stones at the memorial with flowers laid on top of it.
Location
Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, Virginia)
Perpetrator
Seung-Hui Cho
Victims
Related

Seung-Hui Cho (Korean: 조승희, Korean name ordering Cho Seung-hui;[a] January 18, 1984 – April 16, 2007) was a South Korean mass murderer responsible for the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007. Cho killed 32 people and wounded 17 others with two semi-automatic pistols on April 16, 2007, at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. This killing is the deadliest school shooting in U.S. history,[4] and was at the time[b] the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history.[8][9][10][7] A senior-level undergraduate student of creative writing[11] at the university, Cho died by suicide after police breached the doors of Virginia Tech's Norris Hall which Cho had locked with heavy chains, where most of the shooting had taken place.[12][11][10]

Born in South Korea, Cho was eight years old when he immigrated to the United States with his family. He became a U.S. permanent resident as a South Korean national.[13][14][15] At the time of the shooting, Cho had the legal status of resident alien.[11][16] In middle school, he was diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder with selective mutism, as well as major depressive disorder.[17] After his diagnosis, he began receiving treatment and continued to receive therapy and special education support until his junior year of high school. Cho was bullied throughout high school. During Cho's last two years at Virginia Tech, several instances of his abnormal behavior, as well as plays and other writings he submitted containing references to violence, caused concern among teachers and classmates.

In the aftermath of the shootings, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine convened a panel consisting of various officials and experts to investigate and examine the response and handling of issues related to the shootings. The panel released its final report in August 2007, devoting more than 20 pages to detailing Cho's troubled history. In the report, the panel criticized the failure of the educators and mental health professionals who came into contact with Cho during his college years to notice his deteriorating condition and help him. The panel also criticized misinterpretations of privacy laws and gaps in Virginia's mental health system and gun laws. In addition, the panel faulted Virginia Tech administrators in particular for failing to take immediate action after the first two deaths of Emily J. Hilscher and Ryan C. "Stack" Clark. Nevertheless, the report did acknowledge that Cho must still be held primarily responsible for the killing, despite his "emotional and psychological disabilities [having] undoubtedly clouded his own situation".[18]

Early life and education

Cho was born on January 18, 1984, in the city of Asan, in South Korea's South Chungcheong Province.[19] Cho and his family lived in a basement apartment in the city of Seoul for a few years before immigrating to the United States. Cho's father was self-employed as a bookstore owner, but made minimal profits from the venture. Seeking better education and opportunities for his son and daughter,[20][21] Cho's father immigrated to the United States with his family in 1992, when Cho was eight years old. The family lived in Detroit, then moved to the Washington metropolitan area after learning that it had one of the largest South Korean expatriate communities in the U.S. Cho's family settled in Centreville, an unincorporated community in western Fairfax County, Virginia, west of Washington, D.C.[22] Cho's father and mother opened a dry-cleaning business. After they moved to Centreville, Cho and his family became permanent residents of the United States as South Korean nationals.[23][24] His parents became members of a local Christian church, and Cho himself was raised as a member of the religion,[25] although in a note Cho "railed against his parents' strong Christian faith."[26]

Family concerns about Cho's behavior during childhood

Some members of Cho's family who had remained in South Korea had concerns about his behavior during his early childhood. Cho's relatives thought that he was selectively mute or mentally ill and have stated in interviews that he rarely spoke or showed affection.[27][28][29][30] During an ABC News Nightline interview on August 30, 2007, Cho's grandfather reported his concerns about Cho's behavior during childhood. According to Cho's grandfather, Cho never made eye contact, never called him grandfather, and never moved to embrace him.[31]

Behavior in school

Primary school

Cho attended the Poplar Tree Elementary School in Chantilly, an unincorporated, small community in Fairfax County. An anonymous family acquaintance claimed that "Every time he came home from school he would cry and throw tantrums saying he never wanted to return to school" when Cho first came to the U.S.[31] According to a former fifth grade classmate of Cho's, Cho finished the three-year program at Poplar Tree Elementary School in one and a half years and was pointed to as a good example by teachers, and was not disliked by other students.[32]

Middle and high school

Cho attended two secondary schools in Fairfax County: Ormond Stone Middle School in Centreville[30] and Westfield High School in Chantilly.[22] By the eighth grade, Cho had been diagnosed with selective mutism, a social anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking in specific instances and/or to specific individuals.[33] He was reportedly bullied for his shyness and unusual speech mannerisms throughout high school, and at least once for his ethnicity.[34][35][36][37] Other former classmates stated he was a loner who did not seem interested in interacting when teachers or other students tried to include him.[38][31]

During Cho's ninth-grade year in 1999, the Columbine High School massacre made international news. Cho was reportedly transfixed by the news and idolized Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Cho wrote in a school assignment about wanting to "repeat Columbine". The school contacted Cho's sister, who reported the incident to their parents. Cho was sent to a psychiatrist.[31][39]

Seung-Hui Cho's struck-through signature at Westfield High School.

Cho graduated from Westfield High School in 2003.[11][40]

Selective mutism diagnosis, possible autism

Cho was diagnosed with selective mutism.[41][42] The Virginia Tech Review Panel report, released in August 2007, placed this diagnosis in the spring of Cho's eighth-grade year; his parents sought treatment for him through medication and therapy.[18] In high school, Cho was placed in special education under the "emotional disturbance" classification. He was excused from oral presentations and class conversation and received speech therapy.[33] He continued receiving mental health therapy as well until the end of his junior year.[18]

According to two of Cho's family members and one family friend, the Cho family had been told that Cho's mutism was due to autism;[43][29][44][45] however, no known record exists of Cho ever being diagnosed with autism.[45] The Virginia Tech Review Panel report states Cho's high school had ruled out an autism diagnosis.[18] A clinical psychologist and expert in selective mutism said that based on Cho's videos, Cho "was not autistic. He clearly had the capability of talking to people."[43] A 2017 paper from The Journal of Psychology states there is "[s]trong evidence suggesting Asperger's syndrome" for Cho.[46]

To address his problems, Cho's parents also took him to church. According to a pastor at the Centreville Korean Presbyterian Church, Cho was a smart student who understood the Bible, but the pastor added that he had never heard Cho say a complete sentence. The pastor also recalled telling Cho's mother that he speculated Cho was autistic.[47]

Federal law prohibited Westfield officials from disclosing any record of disability or treatment without Cho's permission; the officials disclosed none of Cho's speech and anxiety-related problems to Virginia Tech.[43]

Cho at Virginia Tech

Basic information

In his freshman year at Virginia Tech in 2003, Cho enrolled as an undergraduate major in business information technology.[48][18] By his senior year, Cho was majoring in English, intending to become a writer.[18] At the time of the attacks, Cho lived with five roommates in a three-bedroom suite in Harper Hall.[48][49][50][51]

Relationship with school officials

Nikki Giovanni says she taught Cho in a poetry class in the fall of 2005; she says she had him removed from her class because she found his behavior "menacing." She recalled that Cho had a "mean streak" and described his writing as "intimidating."[52] Giovanni reports that Cho wore sunglasses in class and that when she tried to get him to participate in class discussion, Cho remained silent.[53] In Giovanni's class, Cho had intimidated female classmates by photographing their legs under their desks and by writing violent and obscene poetry.[54] In the fall of 2005, Giovanni told the then-department head Lucinda Roy she "was willing to resign before [she] was going to continue with [Cho]." After this, Roy removed Cho from the class.[55][52]

Roy says that since she found Cho's writings to be very disturbing, she asked for help from the police and the university administration; however, Roy states that the police had "difficulty" since Cho did not make any explicit threat. After Giovanni was informed of the massacre, she remarked that she "knew when it happened that that's probably who it was", and "would have been shocked if it wasn't."[52] Roy had taught Cho in Introduction to Poetry the previous year. She described him as "actually quite arrogant and could be quite obnoxious, and was also deeply, it seemed, insecure"[53] and that she told him numerous times to go to counseling.[56] She said that Cho resisted speaking in class and took cell phone pictures of her. After Roy became concerned with Cho's behavior and the themes in his writings, she started meeting with Cho to work with him one-on-one. However, she soon became concerned for her safety, and told her assistant that she would use the name of a dead professor as a duress code, in order to alert the assistant to call security.[27] After Roy notified authorities of Cho's behavior, she urged Cho to seek counseling.[11] Roy described Cho as seeming "extraordinarily lonely",[57] and said that Cho "said to me once he was lonely and didn't have friends."[58]

Other professors were familiar with Cho's disturbing demeanor and recommended that Cho seek counseling. Some professors were not aware until informed by others that Cho had mental health problems and had been reported to the police, afterward speculating that "the information was not accessible" or was "privileged and could not be released."[59]

Relationship with students

It is reported that in his first year at Virginia Tech, Cho tried to fit in, but had become very isolated in his last year.[48] During one party, he sat in the corner and repeatedly stabbed the carpet in a girl's room while his roommates were present.[18][60] Fellow students described Cho as a "quiet" person who "would not respond if someone greeted him." Student Julie Poole recalled that on the first day of a literature class the previous year, the professor found that Cho had written only a question mark instead of his name on a sign-in sheet, so "we just really knew him as the question mark kid."[61]

Karan Grewal and Joseph Aust, who shared a dormitory suite with Cho, reported that Cho was reclusive and they mutually avoided interacting with him.[48] Both roommates claim Cho had an imaginary girlfriend named "Jelly." Aust notes that during "the last couple weeks" he noticed that Cho's sleep schedule became unusual.[58] Andy Koch and John Eide, who once shared a room with Cho at Cochrane Hall during 2005 and 2006,[62][63][64] state that they were aware of the imaginary girlfriend as well.[65] Koch claimed that Cho, under the influence of alcohol at a party, described "Jelly" as a supermodel living in space.[65]

Koch described other incidents of disturbing behavior. Once, Cho stood in the doorway of his room late at night taking photographs of Koch. Cho repeatedly placed harassing cell phone calls to Koch as "Cho's brother, 'Question Mark'," a name Cho also used when introducing himself to girls. Koch and Eide searched Cho's belongings and found a pocket knife, but they did not find any items that they deemed threatening.[63] Koch also described a telephone call that he received from Cho during the Thanksgiving holiday break from school, during which Cho claimed to be "vacationing with Vladimir Putin" in North Carolina.[65] Koch and Eide, who had earlier tried to befriend him, gradually stopped talking to him and told their friends, especially female classmates, not to visit their room.[66] On one instance, Cho told his roommates he had frightened a girl when he went to her dorm to look her in the eyes; Cho remarked he only found "promiscuity" in her eyes.[62]

Incidents with female students

Koch and Eide stated that Cho had been involved in two incidents involving two different female students, which resulted in verbal warnings by the Virginia Tech campus police.[52][16][66] The two students felt Cho was stalking them, but did not press charges.[67] According to Koch, "Question Mark" was Cho's persona online to talk to girls. Koch stated that Cho used to call him on the phone using the alias Question Mark. Koch and Eide state that on at least two occasions, police came to their room to investigate a girl's complaint due to Cho's behavior online.[66] According to Koch, one of these visits, during which the police came at night to Cho and Koch's dorm and banged at the door, was due to Cho's harassment of a female student and talking about suicide online.[65]

The first such alleged incident occurred on November 27, 2005.[18] Cho had contacted through phone calls and in person (by making an unannounced visit to her room) with a female student who notified Virginia Tech Police Department. The police said there were no actual threats of violence in those messages, but were simply annoying.[68][69] Two uniformed members of the campus police visited Cho's room at the dormitory later that evening and warned him not to contact the student again; Cho complied.[62]

The second alleged incident came to light on December 13, 2005.[18][62] In the preceding days, Cho had contacted a friend of Koch via AIM and wrote on her door board a line from the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet.[18] The young woman was initially unconcerned by the AIM messages and the quotation until she was contacted by Koch via AIM, who informed her of Cho's previous earlier stalking incident and speculated that Cho had schizophrenia.[70] The young woman contacted the campus police, who again warned Cho against further unwanted contact.[18]

Later the same day, Cho sent an e-mail to Koch stating, "I might as well kill myself now."[62][65] Worried that Cho was suicidal, Koch contacted his father for advice. Both contacted campus authorities. The campus police returned to the dormitory and escorted Cho to New River Valley Community Services Board, the Virginia mental health agency serving Blacksburg.[71]

Psychiatric evaluation

Court-ordered psychiatric assessment

On December 13, 2005, Cho was taken by police to the psychiatric hospital of New River Valley Community Services Board. There, Crouse, the physician who examined Cho the same day, declared Cho was found "mentally ill and in need of hospitalization." He noted that Cho had a flat affect and depressed mood, and that Cho "denies suicidal ideation" and "does not acknowledge symptoms of a thought disorder." The physician also noted: "His insight and judgment are normal." Cho, suspected of being "an imminent danger to himself or others", was detained temporarily at Carilion St. Albans Behavioral Health Center in Radford, Virginia, pending a commitment hearing before the Montgomery County, Virginia district court.[57][72][71] On December 14, 2005, Cho was released from the mental health facility; after Cho's release, on the same day Virginia Special Justice Paul Barnett certified in an order that Cho "presented an imminent danger to himself as a result of mental illness," and ordered treatment for Cho as an outpatient.[73][71][57][74] However, Cho did not receive the treatment which had been ordered, as due to Virginia's health system "[n]either the court, the university nor community services officials followed up on the judge's order".[71]

Virginia state law on mental health disqualifications to firearms purchases, however, is worded slightly differently from the federal statute. So the form that Virginia courts use to notify state police about a mental health disqualification addresses only the state criteria, which list two potential categories that would warrant notification to the state police: someone who was "involuntarily committed" or ruled mentally "incapacitated".[75]

Because Cho was not involuntarily committed to a mental health facility as an inpatient, he was still legally eligible to buy guns under Virginia law.[75] However, according to Virginia law, "[a] magistrate has the authority to issue a detention order upon a finding that a person is mentally ill and in need of hospitalization or treatment." The magistrate also must find that the person is an imminent danger to himself or others.[57][76] Virginia officials and other law experts have argued that, under United States federal law, Barnett's order meant that Cho had been "adjudicated as a mental defective" and was thus ineligible to purchase firearms under federal law; and that the state of Virginia erred in not enforcing the requirements of the federal law.[75]

Family efforts

The Virginia Tech Review Panel report shed light on numerous efforts by Cho's family to secure help for him as early as adolescence.[18] However, when Cho reached 18 and left for college, the family lost its legal authority over him, and their influence on him waned. Cho's mother, increasingly concerned about his inattention to classwork, his classroom absences and his asocial behavior, sought help for him during summer 2006 from various churches in Northern Virginia.[48] According to Dong Cheol Lee, minister of One Mind Presbyterian Church of Washington (located in Woodbridge),[77] Cho's mother sought help from the church for Cho's problems. Lee added that "[Cho's] problem needed to be solved by spiritual power ... that's why she came to our church – because we were helping several people like him." Members of Lee's church even told Cho's mother that he had "demonic power" and needed deliverance. Before the church could meet with the family, however, Cho returned to school to start his senior year at Virginia Tech.[48]

Virginia Tech shooting

Main article: Virginia Tech shooting
See also: Timeline of the Virginia Tech shooting § Day of the shooting

Around 7:15 a.m. EDT (11:15 UTC) on April 16, 2007, Cho killed two students, Emily J. Hilscher and Ryan C. "Stack" Clark, on the fourth floor of West Ambler Johnston Hall, a high-rise co-educational dormitory.[56] Investigators later determined that Cho's shoes matched a blood-stained print found in the hallway outside Hilscher's room. The shoes and bloody jeans were found in Cho's dormitory room where he had stashed them after the attack.[78]

Within the next two and a half hours, Cho returned to his room to rearm himself; he mailed a package to NBC News that contained pictures, digital video files, and documents.[79] At approximately 9:45 a.m. EDT (13:45 UTC), he then crossed the campus to Norris Hall, a classroom building on the campus where, in a span of nine minutes, Cho shot dozens of people, killing 30 of them.[56][80] As police breached the area of the building where Cho attacked the faculty and students, Cho killed himself in Norris 211 with a gunshot to his temple.[81] The police identified Cho by matching immigration records with the fingerprints on the guns that were used in the shootings.[11] Before the shootings, Cho's only known connection to Norris Hall was as a student in the sociology class, which he attended in a classroom on the second floor of the building.[48] Although police had not stated positively at the time of the initial investigation that Cho was the perpetrator of the Norris Hall shootings and the earlier one at West Ambler Johnston Hall, forensic evidence confirmed that the same gun was used in both shooting incidents.[54]

Trey Perkins, a student who saw Cho during the killing, reported that Cho was "just without even the slightest emotion on [his] face".[58]

Preparation

In his manifesto, Cho says he had postponed the attack several times.[82] Cho trained at a gun range up to 3 times before the shooting.[83][84]

Weapons used in the attack

Walther P22 semi-automatic pistol
Glock 19 semi-automatic pistol

During February and March 2007, Cho began purchasing the weapons that he later used during the killings. On February 9, Cho purchased his first handgun, a .22 caliber Walther P22 semi-automatic pistol, from TGSCOM Inc., a federally licensed firearms dealer based in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and the operator of the website through which Cho ordered the gun.[85][86][87][88] TGSCOM Inc. shipped the Walther P22 to JND Pawnbrokers in Blacksburg, Virginia, where Cho completed the legally required background check for the purchase transaction and took possession of the handgun.[89] On March 13, Cho bought his second handgun, a 9mm Glock 19 semi-automatic pistol, from Roanoke Firearms, a licensed gun dealer located in Roanoke, Virginia.[85][90]

Cho was able to pass both background checks and successfully complete both handgun purchases after he presented to the gun dealers his U.S. permanent residency card, his Virginia driver's permit to prove legal age and length of Virginia residence and a checkbook showing his Virginia address, in addition to waiting the required 30-day period between each gun purchase. He was successful at completing both handgun purchases because he did not disclose on the background questionnaire that a Virginia court had ordered him to undergo outpatient treatment at a mental health facility.[91][92][93]

On March 22, 2007, Cho purchased two 10-round magazines for the Walther P22 pistol through eBay from Elk Ridge Shooting Supplies in Idaho.[94] Based on a preliminary computer forensics examination of Cho's eBay purchase records, investigators suspected that Cho may have purchased an additional 10-round magazine on March 23, 2007, from another eBay seller who sold gun accessories.[95]

Cho also bought jacketed hollow-point bullets, which result in more tissue damage than full metal jacket bullets against unarmored targets[96] by expanding upon entering soft tissue.[97] Along with a manifesto, Cho later sent a photograph of the hollow point bullets to NBC News with the caption "All the shit you've given me, right back at you with hollow points."[98][99]

Motive

During the investigation, the police found a note in Cho's room in which he criticized "rich kids", "debauchery" and "deceitful charlatans".[11] In the note, Cho continued by saying that "you caused me to do this."[11] Early media reports also speculated that he was obsessed with a female student and became enraged after she rejected his romantic overtures.[100][101][102] Law enforcement investigators could not find evidence that Hilscher knew Cho.[103]

The Virginia Tech panel said that by sending the package to NBC, Cho "wanted his motivation to be known, though it comes across as largely incoherent, and it is unclear as to exactly why he felt such strong animosity."[18]

Aftermath

Crime investigation

Law enforcement investigators used ballistics tests to determine that Cho fired the Glock 19 pistol during the attacks at the West Ambler Johnston dormitory and at Norris Hall on the Virginia Tech campus.[104][105][106] Police investigators found that Cho fired more than 170 shots during the killing spree, evidenced by technicians finding at least 17 empty magazines at the scene.[107][108] During the investigation, federal law enforcement investigators found that the serial numbers were illegally filed off on both the Walther P22 and the Glock 19 handguns used by Cho during the rampage.[109] "Investigators also said that in mid-March, Cho practiced shooting at a firing range in Roanoke, about 40 miles from the campus."[98] According to a former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent and ABC consultant, "This was no spur-of-the-moment crime. He's been thinking about this for several months prior to the shooting."[85]

The FBI tracked Cho's credit card transactions and found that he had paid an escort girl one month before the shooting.[110] The escort stated that she and Cho met at a motel in Roanoke. She said she danced for Cho and decided to leave after 15 minutes, but Cho told her he had paid for a full hour. She stated that she then started dancing again and that thereafter Cho touched her and tried "to get on" her, at which point she pushed him away and Cho respected her wishes. The escort described Cho as "dorky," "timid" and a "little pushy."[111]

Review of Cho's medical records

During the investigation, the matter of Cho's court-ordered mental health treatment was also examined to determine its outcome. Virginia investigators learned after a review of Cho's medical records that he never complied with the order for the mandated mental health treatment as an outpatient. The investigators also found that neither the court nor New River Valley Community Services exercised oversight of his case to determine his compliance with the order. In response to questions about Cho's case, New River Valley Community Services maintained that its facility was never named in the court order as the provider for his mental health treatment, and its responsibility ended once he was discharged from its care after the court order. In addition, Christopher Flynn, director of the Cook Counseling Center at Virginia Tech, mentioned that the court did not notify his office that Cho was required to seek outpatient mental health treatment. Flynn added that, "When a court gives a mandatory order that someone get outpatient treatment, that order is to the individual, not an agency ... The one responsible for ensuring that the mentally ill person receives help in these sort of cases ... is the mentally ill person."[71]

As a result, Cho escaped compliance with the court order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient, even though Virginia law required community services boards to "recommend a specific course of treatment and programs" for mental health patients and "monitor the person's compliance." As for the court, Virginia law also mandated that, if a person fails to comply with a court order to seek mental health treatment as an outpatient, that person can be brought back before the court "and if found still in crisis, can be committed to a psychiatric institution for up to 180 days." Cho was never summoned to court to explain why he had not complied with the December 14, 2005, order for mandatory mental health treatment as an outpatient.[71]

The investigation panel had sought Cho's medical records for several weeks, but due to privacy laws, Virginia Tech was prohibited from releasing them without permission from Cho's family, even after his death.[112] The panel had considered using subpoenas to obtain his records. On June 12, 2007, Cho's family released his medical records to the panel, although the panel said that the records were not enough.[113][114] The panel obtained additional information by court order.[115] Cho had been prescribed paroxetine years before the shooting but had been taken off it after one year.[18] The toxicology test from the official autopsy later showed that neither psychiatric nor any kind of illegal drugs were in his system during the time of the shooting.[116]

In August 2009, Virginia Tech released its medical records of Cho, along with those found in July 2009, to the public.[117][118]

Investigative panel report

In the aftermath of the killing spree, Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine appointed a panel to investigate the campus shootings, with plans for the panel to submit a report of its findings in approximately two to three months. Kaine also invited former Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge to join the panel to "review Cho's mental health history and how police responded to the tragedy."[119] To help investigate and analyze the emergency response surrounding the Virginia Tech shooting, Kaine hired TriData Corporation, the same company that investigated the Columbine High School massacre.[120]

The panel's final report devoted more than 20 pages to detailing Cho's mental health history. The report criticized Virginia Tech educators, administrators and mental health staff in failing to "connect the dots" from numerous incidents that were warning signs of Cho's mental instability beginning in his junior year. The report concluded that the school's mental health systems "failed for lack of resources, incorrect interpretation of privacy laws, and passivity."[18] The report called Virginia's mental health laws "flawed" and its mental health services "inadequate". The report also confirmed that Cho was able to purchase two guns in violation of federal law because of Virginia's inadequate background check requirements.[18]

An addendum to the report was published in November 2009; an updated version of the addendum was published in December of the same year.[121]

The records of the panel were released in July 2017.[122]

Reaction of Cho's family

Cho's older sister prepared a statement on her family's behalf to apologize publicly for her brother's actions, in addition to lending prayers to the victims and the families of the wounded and killed victims.[123] "This is someone that I grew up with and loved. Now I feel like I didn't know this person," she said in the statement issued through a North Carolinian attorney. "We never could have envisioned that he was capable of so much violence."[123] Cho's grandfather stated, "My grandson Seung-Hui was very shy. I can't believe he did such a thing."[124]

In a 2008 article marking the anniversary of the massacre, The Washington Post did a follow-up on the family, reporting that they had gone into hiding for months following the massacre and, after eventually returning home, had "virtually cut themselves off from the world." Several windows in their home have been papered over and drawn blinds cover the rest. The only real outside contact they have maintained is with an FBI agent assigned to their care and their lawyer, refusing even to contact their own relatives in South Korea.[125]

Media package sent to NBC News

Screenshot from the MSNBC coverage of several videos Seung-Hui Cho sent to NBC News
A still of Cho holding two pistols he sent in his package to NBC News.[126]

During the time period between the two shooting events on April 16, Cho visited a local post office near the Virginia Tech campus where he mailed a parcel with a DVD inside to the New York headquarters of NBC News, which contained video clips, photographs and a manifesto explaining the reasons for his actions.[127] The package was apparently intended to be received on April 17, but was delayed by one day because of an incorrect ZIP code and street address.[128][129][2]

"Ishmael"

The name of the sender on the package according to NBC News was "A. Ishmael" (or "Ismael" according to The New York Times[126]).[128] According to NBC News, the words "Ismail Ax" (or "Ismail-Ax" in red ink according to ABC News,[130] "Ismail Ax" in red ink according to The Times[16]) were scrawled on one of Cho's arms.[128] It was reported a few days after the package was received that "the Internet is abuzz with speculation about the meaning of the phrase 'Ismail Ax' on Cho's arm, 'A. Ishmael' on the package and 'axishmiel' on [a] file [contained in the package sent to NBC]".[131]

One hypothesis is that "Ismail Ax" represents divine retribution in reference to the Islamic belief that Abraham, the father of Ishmael, broke some idols with his axe to abolish idol worship,[132] or to the Islamic belief that God asked Abraham to sacrifice the innocent Ishmael;[131] no one reported Cho was Muslim,[133] and he refers to himself in Christian terms and refers to Jesus being hung on a cross which is not part of Islamic beliefs.[131]

Another hypothesis for the name "Ismail-Ax" is that it could be a reference to Drum Hadley's poem "The Goat Ranchers" which talk about "Ishmael's Ax".[130][131] Other hypothesis are that "Ishmael", "Ishmael Ax" and "axishmiel" was a reference to Ishmael the narrator of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, or to a set of books by Daniel Quinn that features a gorilla named Ishmael that examines humankind.[131] It has also been suggested Ismail Ax refers to Ishmael Bush, the hero of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Prairie.[132]

It was also suggested "Ishmael", "Ishmael Ax" and "axishmiel" could refer to Ismail Ak, a professor of psychiatry at a Turkish university whose studies include psychiatry of anti-social and suicidal behavior.[citation needed] "Among the other suggestions were anagrams that referred to the ancient punishment of pouring salt on fields that made them incapable growing crops, a Bob Marley song called 'Small Axe,' and a technology called 'AxisMail' that lets users have e-mail messages sent to their cell phones."[131] It was also theorized that "Ismail-Ax" was a reference to the meaning of "Ishmael" which is "exile" or "outcast" according to Webster's dictionary.[132] Another theory is that "Ismail Ax" referred to a XboxLive (XBL) handle, but an XBL search made at the time did not find any such handle.[133]

In his PDF mailed to NBC, Cho states: "Children of Ishmael, Crusaders of Anti-Terrorism, my Jesus Christ Brothers and Sisters - you're in my heart. ... I saw [sic] we take up the cross, Children of Ishmael, take up our guns, and knives and any sharp object, and spare no lives until our last breath and last ounce of energy. ... I am Ax Ishmael. I am the Anti-Terrorist of America".[134]

Release of material

Upon receiving the package on April 18, 2007, NBC News contacted authorities and made the controversial decision to publicize Cho's communications by releasing a small fraction of what it received.[8][135][136][129] After pictures and images from the videos were broadcast in numerous news reports, students and faculty from Virginia Tech, along with relatives of victims of the campus shooting, expressed concerns that glorifying Cho's rampage could lead to copycat killings. The airing of the manifesto and its video images and pictures was upsetting to many who were more closely affected by the shootings: Peter Read, the father of Mary Read, one of the students who were killed by Cho during the rampage, asked the media to stop airing Cho's manifesto.[137]

Police officials, who reviewed the video, pictures and manifesto, concluded that the contents of the media package had marginal value in helping them learn and understand why Cho committed the killings.[138][139] Michael Welner, who also reviewed the materials, believed that Cho's rantings offer little insight into the mental illness that may have triggered his rampage.[140][141][142] Welner stated that "[t]hese videos do not help us understand Cho. They distort him. He was meek. He was quiet. This is a PR tape of him trying to turn himself into a Quentin Tarantino character."[141]

During the April 24, 2007, edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show, NBC News president Steve Capus stated NBC decided to air 2 minutes and 20 seconds of the 25 minutes of videos it received and just 37 sentences of the 23 pages of writings.[143]

Content

Cho's package contained what the NBC called a "multimedia manifesto": a DVD, along with "a printout of a .pdf file". This printout's PDF file was contained in the DVD with the file name 'axishmiel': Cho's 1,800-word, 23-page manifesto which also contained 43 photographs of Cho. Along with this file, the DVD also contained two Microsoft Word files, a six-minute audio .avi file, and 27 QuickTime video clips.[82][128][144]

The PDF had been last modified on April 16 at 7:24 a.m., "minutes after he had shot and killed his first two victims, and nearly two hours before he went on his second rampage." The Microsoft Word files "were drafts of the two sections of the manifesto, which he had written earlier, one being last modified on April 13 at 3:45 p.m. and on April 15 at 8:22 a.m. The sole .avi file of him reading the manifesto, titled 'letter1' was recorded even earlier, at 9:40 a.m. on April 10, a full six days before the massacre." The 27 QuickTime videos together total 24 minutes and are "ranging in length from 16 seconds to six minutes". The titles of those other video clips "are varied and hard to match with their content: 'all of You,' 'am al qaeda,' 'anti terror,' 'as time appr,' 'blood of inno,' 'congrad,' 'could b victim.' The rambling comments are those of an angry young man who felt persecuted, who felt that the world is against him, who felt he was a victim of personal terrorism." Five of the videos are titled "end," "end 1," "end 2," "end car" and "end some life." Those five seem "to be among the last recorded, perhaps between the shootings." In those five videos, Cho "addresses no one by name ..., although he does seemingly address Virginia Tech students in two as 'brats' and 'snobs' with 'Mercedes' and 'trust funds.'"[82][128][144]

In his manifesto, Cho mentioned the Columbine killers Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, and also makes references to hedonism and Christianity while expressing anger about unspecified wrongs that were done to him.[128]

Pete Williams, an MSNBC justice correspondent, said that Cho lacked logical governance, suggesting that Cho was under severe emotional distress.[145] In the video, Cho also railed against deceitful charlatans on campus, "rich kids," materialism, and hedonism,[146] saying: "Did you want to inject as much misery in our lives as you can just because you can?"[147]

In one of his videos, "[Cho] repeatedly suggests he was picked on or otherwise hurt", saying: "You have vandalised my heart, raped my soul and tortured my conscience. You thought it was one pathetic more life you were extinguishing. Thanks to you, I die like Jesus Christ, to inspire generations of the weak and the defenseless people." On another instance, Cho mentions "martyrs like Eric and Dylan".[8][148][146] Cho also stated in the videos: "You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option."[148][147][52]

One of Cho's roommates, Karan Grewall, stated the place where Cho's videos were taken "looks exactly like our common areas where we hang out every day. I can't be sure, but the walls look exactly like our suite."[128]

Writings

According to the Virginia Tech report, Cho "seemed to enjoy the idea of writing, especially poetry,"[18] and he attempted to get a book published while in college.[39][18] After the mass shooting, a former classmate of Cho provided AOL with two plays written by Cho. An AOL official said the authenticity of the plays was verified by AOL before they were posted online.[149][11] The plays included Richard McBeef[149][150] and Mr. Brownstone, both written in 2006.[149][151][152][153]

Approximately one year before the incident at Virginia Tech, Cho wrote a paper for an assignment in an "Intro to Short Fiction" class. In that paper, Cho wrote about a mass school murder that was planned by the protagonist of the story. In the story, the protagonist did not follow through with the killings. During the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel, the panel was unaware of the existence of the paper written by Cho.[154][18][60]

Additionally, in March 2006 at Virginia Tech's 22nd Annual Research Symposium and Exposition, Cho submitted a poem titled "Spear me down, Heaven" to the Advanced Undergraduate category. The poem included violent lines including a "wish to annihilate my self" and "tear me to shrivels, eat me to help me".[155]

When information surfaced about the paper, the Virginia Tech panel learned at that time that only the Virginia State Police and Virginia Tech had copies of the unreleased paper in their possession. The Virginia State Police reported that, although it had a copy of the paper, Virginia law prevented them from releasing the paper to the panel because it was part of the investigative file in an ongoing investigation.[154] Virginia Tech, on the other hand, had known about the paper, and officials at the school discussed the contents of the paper among themselves in the aftermath of the shootings. According to Governor Kaine, "[Virginia Tech] was expected to turn over all of Cho's writings to the panel" during the proceedings of the Virginia Tech panel.[154] After some members of the Virginia Tech panel complained about the missing paper, Virginia Tech decided to release a copy of the paper to the panel during the latter part of the week of August 25, 2007.[154]

Reactions to writings

Edward Falco, a playwriting professor at Virginia Tech, has acknowledged that Cho wrote both the released plays in his class. Falco said of the plays: "They're not good writing. But they are at least a form of communication. And in his responses to the other students' plays, he could be quite articulate."[156] Another professor who taught Cho characterized his work as "very adolescent" and "silly", with attempts at "slapstick comedy" and "elements of violence".[157] Classmates believed "the plays were really morbid and grotesque."[158]

According to CBS News, "Cho Seung-Hui's violent writing [and] loner status fit the Secret Service shooter profile,"[159] referring to a 2002 U.S. Secret Service study that was conducted after the Columbine massacre, with violent writing cited as one of the most typical behavioral attributes of school shooters. The U.S. Secret Service concluded the study by saying that "[t]he largest group of [school shooters] exhibited an interest in violence in their own writings, such as poems, essays or journal entries," while school shooters' interest in other violent media was generally low.[160]

Something Awful created a parody "CliffsNotes" entry describing Richard McBeef.[161]

Postmortem influence

A teenager who intentionally set fire to a classroom (no deaths) in South Korea in 2015 said he "wanted to leave behind a record like Cho Seung-hui."[162]

It was reported in 2015 that some South Korean internet users glorified the Virginia Tech killings and affectionately called Cho "General Cho".[163] In 2017, after the United Express Flight 3411 incident was reported, numerous people on the South Korean internet commemorated Cho, saying for example "I miss General Cho Seung-Hui". It is from the DC Inside forum in 2014 that came the idea of calling Cho a "general" of the "battle of Virginia" (the name given by the forum to the Virginia Tech killings); the forum hailed Cho as a hero against racism toward Koreans. The nickname "general" stemmed from the idea that Cho killed numerous people by himself, thus making him a genius tactician. Over the years, Cho became a symbol of resistance against what Korean internet users perceived as anti-Korean racism, on any subject.[164]

Notes

  1. ^ Some initial media reports referred to Cho's name as Cho Seung-hui, with the family name "Cho" appearing ahead of the given name in accordance with Korean naming custom. However, subsequent statements by the family indicated the preference for the Western ordering of Cho's name as Seung-hui Cho. Cho himself sometimes used the name Seung Cho. Cf.[3]
  2. ^ It has since been surpassed by the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[5][6][7]

References

  1. ^ Hauser, Christine; O'Connor, Anahad (April 16, 2007). "Virginia Tech Shooting Leaves 33 Dead". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Virginia gunman sent final video". BBC News. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  3. ^ "Editor's note on Cho's surname". The Washington Post. April 21, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  4. ^ Keneally, Meghan (April 19, 2019). "The 11 mass deadly school shootings that happened since Columbine". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  5. ^ "Las Vegas shooting death toll rises to 59, no apparent connection to international terror". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  6. ^ "Las Vegas, Orlando, Virginia Tech shootings deadliest on long list of U.S. mass shootings". Global News. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Virginia Tech marks 10 years after shooting that killed 32". Associated Press. April 17, 2017. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Apuzzo, Matt (April 18, 2007). "Va. gunman sent videos and photos to NBC". The Roanoke Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 19, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  9. ^ "College was the worst place for Cho". NBC News. May 6, 2007. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Virginia Tech, Ten Years Later". Washingtonian. April 13, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Schoetz, David; Potter, Ned; Esposito, Richard; Thomas, Pierre (April 17, 2007). "Killer's Note: 'You Caused Me to Do This'". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  12. ^ Alvis-Banks, Donna; Chittum, Matt; Raboteau, Albert (May 7, 2007). "Tech shooting victims: Moving forward". Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  13. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 18, 2007). "Cho's Behavior Troubled Those Who Knew Him". NPR. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
  14. ^ Chang, Jae-Soon (April 18, 2007). "Gunman's Family Had Hard Life in Korea". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  15. ^ "Va. governor promises probe of shooting". USA Today. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  16. ^ a b c Reid, Tim (April 17, 2007). "Outsider who unleashed his hatred on classmates". The Times. London. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Adams, Duncan (August 31, 2007). "The alienation and anger of Seung-hui Cho". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel". Commonwealth of Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  19. ^ "총기난사 조승희씨 본적 '아산시'". CNews (in Korean). Ah-San, South Korea. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  20. ^ "셋방서 이룬 '아메리칸 드림'…주변인 맴돌다 '어이없는 참극'". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  21. ^ "조승희 외할아버지 "자식들 잘 키우려고 미국까지 갔는데…"". The Hankyoreh (in Korean). April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  22. ^ a b Ferenc, Leslie (April 19, 2007). "Gunman took tortured path to massacre". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
  23. ^ "Gunman's violent writings alarmed many". WFAA-TV. Dallas, TX. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  24. ^ Shapira, Ian; Ruane, Michael E. (April 18, 2007). "Student Wrote About Death and Spoke in Whispers, But No One Imagined What Cho Seung Hui Would Do". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  25. ^ Sang-Hun, C. (April 20, 2007). "Relatives in South Korea say Cho was an enigma". The International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
  26. ^ Harnden, Toby (April 19, 2007). "The roommate's story". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  27. ^ a b Kleinfield, N.R. (April 22, 2007). "Before deadly rage, a life consumed by a troubling silence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  28. ^ Drogin, Bob; Fiore, Faye; Kang, K. Connie (April 22, 2007). "Bright Daughter, Brooding Son: Enigma in the Cho Household". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  29. ^ a b McLean, Demian; Shankar, Vivek (April 20, 2007). "Virginia Tech Strives to Move Beyond Shooting 'Horror,' Reopen". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
  30. ^ a b Cho, David; Gardner, Amy (April 21, 2007). "An Isolated Boy in a World of Strangers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
  31. ^ a b c d Moran, Terry (August 30, 2007). "Inside Cho's mind: Report shows Virginia Tech made mistakes". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  32. ^ Hyeon-gu, Lee (April 20, 2007). "Childhood friend recalls a different side of Cho". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  33. ^ a b Golden, Daniel (August 20, 2007). "From Disturbed High Schooler to College Killer". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 21, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  34. ^ "Disgust at Virginia killer's video". The New York Times. April 19, 2007. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  35. ^ "High school classmates say gunman was bullied". NBC News. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  36. ^ "Va. Tech Is Seen As a Textbook Killer". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  37. ^ "Cho's high school classmates recall 'kid who never spoke'". CNN. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  38. ^ "Seung-Hui Cho Was My Classmate". OhmyNews International. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  39. ^ a b Neuman, Johanna (August 31, 2007). "Report weaves dark tale of gunman's past". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  40. ^ Murray, Jennifer L. (April 1, 2017). "Mass Media Reporting and Enabling of Mass Shootings". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies. 17 (2): 114–124. doi:10.1177/1532708616679144. ISSN 1532-7086. S2CID 151618772.
  41. ^ "A Family's Shame in Korea". Time. April 22, 2007. Archived from the original on April 24, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  42. ^ Golden, Daniel (August 21, 2007). "From Disturbed High Schooler to College Killer". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  43. ^ a b c Schulte, Brigid; Craig, Tim (August 27, 2007). "Unknown to Va. Tech, Cho Had a Disorder". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  44. ^ "Virginia Tech shooter 'was autistic'". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 21, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  45. ^ a b Lee, Jean H. (April 22, 2007). "Virginia Korean community still reeling". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  46. ^ Allely, C. S.; Wilson, P.; Minnis, H.; Thompson, L; Yaksic, E.; Gillberg, C. (January 2, 2017). "Violence is Rare in Autism: When It Does Occur, Is It Sometimes Extreme?". The Journal of Psychology. 151 (1): 49–68. doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1175998. hdl:2164/6085. ISSN 0022-3980. PMID 27185105. S2CID 39771889.
  47. ^ Thomas, Evan (April 30, 2007). "Making of a Massacre". Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Gardner, Amy; Cho, David (May 1, 2007). "Isolation Defined Cho's Senior Year". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  49. ^ Nolan, Jim; Ress, David (April 21, 2007). "Two hours forever changed Virginia Tech". Richmond-Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  50. ^ Maraniss, David (April 19, 2007). "That Was the Desk I Chose to Die Under". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  51. ^ Cloud, John (April 18, 2007). "The Question Mark in Harper Hall". Time. Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  52. ^ a b c d e "Killer's manifesto: 'You forced me into a corner'". CNN. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  53. ^ a b "Poetry professor who rallied students at memorial service had expelled gunman from class". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  54. ^ a b Geller, Adam (April 18, 2007). "Va. gunman had 2 past stalking cases". Newsday. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  55. ^ Fernandez, M. & Santora, M. (April 18, 2007). Gunman Showed Signs of Anger. Archived January 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  56. ^ a b c "College gunman disturbed teachers, classmates". NBC News. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  57. ^ a b c d Potter, Ned; Schoetz, David (April 18, 2007). "Va. Tech Killer Ruled Mentally Ill by Court; Let Go After Hospital Visit". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  58. ^ a b c "Roommates Give a Glimpse Into the Mind of a Killer". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  59. ^ Schoetz, David; Potter, Ned (April 20, 2007). "English Professor Went to Dean About Killer". Archived from the original on May 2, 2007.
  60. ^ a b Moran, Terry. "Inside Cho's Mind". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  61. ^ "The 'loner' behind campus killing". BBC News. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 9, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  62. ^ a b c d e Ruane, Michael E. (April 22, 2007). "'Looking Back . . . We Should Have Done Something'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  63. ^ a b Thomas, Evan (April 30, 2007). "Making of a Massacre". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008.
  64. ^ "Collective Soul's "Shine" Soon To Be Christened Virginia Tech's "Helter Skelter"". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008.
  65. ^ a b c d e Breed, Allen G.; Kahn, Chris (April 22, 2007). "Those closest to Cho return to school". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  66. ^ a b c "Virginia Tech killer a self-described 'question mark'". CNN. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007.
  67. ^ "Virginia gunman was accused of stalking". The Guardian. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  68. ^ "Cho Was Accused of Stalking in 2005". April 18, 2007.
  69. ^ Reid, Tim (April 20, 2007). "Series of missed chances that let a potential killer slip through the net". The Times. London. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  70. ^ Johnson, E.J. "Was Va. Tech shooter a stalker?". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  71. ^ a b c d e f Schulte, Brigid; Jenkins, Chris L. (May 7, 2007). "Cho Didn't Get Court-Ordered Treatment". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on May 10, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  72. ^ Rife, Luanne. "Would Virginia's safety nets catch Cho today?". Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  73. ^ "Campus killer's purchases apparently within gun laws". CNN. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  74. ^ Fiegel, Eric (August 19, 2009). "Mental health files of Virginia Tech gunman released". CNN. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  75. ^ a b c Luo, Michael (April 21, 2007). "U.S. rules made killer ineligible to purchase gun". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  76. ^ Reid, Tim (April 18, 2007). "Killer spent time in mental health unit". The Times. London. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  77. ^ One Mind Church. "Official site of Presbyterian Church of Washington". Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  78. ^ Markon, Jerry. (August 11, 2007). "Did Cho Make Dry Run at Va. Tech?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  79. ^ Johnson, Alex (April 19, 2007). "Gunman sent package to NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  80. ^ "Virginia Tech rampage lasted just nine minutes". AlertNet. Reuters. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  81. ^ Gelineau, K. (April 23, 2007). Cho discharged 100 rounds.[usurped] Canoe Network News (Canada). Retrieved May 6, 2007.
  82. ^ a b c Windrem, Robert (April 19, 2007). "Va. Tech killer's strange 'manifesto'". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  83. ^ "Va. Tech Shooter, Victim Linked to Gun Range". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  84. ^ "More Details Emerge About Va. Tech Shooter". NBC4 Washington. December 11, 2011. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  85. ^ a b c Ross, B. & Esposito, R. (April 17, 2007). "First Gun Bought March 13; No 'Spur of the Moment' Crime". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  86. ^ "Read statement from Green Bay gun dealer". WKBT. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  87. ^ "Shooter had guns more than 1 month before Va. shootings". WDBJ. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  88. ^ Turque, Bill; Horwitz, Sari (April 20, 2007). "Kaine Gives Panel Latitude to Probe Campus Killings". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  89. ^ Bauer, Scott (April 19, 2007). "Green Bay-based Web site sold gun to Virginia Tech shooter". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
  90. ^ "Gun Used In Rampage Traced To Roanoke Shop". WJZ-13 Baltimore. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  91. ^ "Firearms purchase eligibility test". Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  92. ^ Schulte, B. & Horwitz, S. (April 18, 2007). Weapons purchases aroused no suspicion: Pawnshop, dealer supplied handguns. Archived 2012-11-12 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  93. ^ Barakat, M. (April 20, 2007). Rules should have barred weapon purchase. Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  94. ^ Geller, A. & Kahn, C. (April 21, 2007). "Tech gunman bought ammo clips on eBay". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  95. ^ Geller, A. & Kahn, C. (April 22, 2007). Internet key in probe in Va. Tech gunman. Archived 2018-12-28 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
  96. ^ Di Maio, V.J.M. (1999). Gunshot wounds: Practical aspects of firearms, ballistics, and forensic techniques, 2d ed. (p. 380). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8163-0
  97. ^ Somashekhar, S. & Miroff, N. (April 22, 2007). Injuries heal, but mental scars may last much longer. Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  98. ^ a b Williams, P. (April 19, 2007). Cho prepared in advance for rampage. Archived August 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine NBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  99. ^ Fricker, Martin; Parry, Ryan (April 19, 2007). "Mass Killer Cho's Insane 'Manifesto'". mirror. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  100. ^ Williams, David & Balogh, Stefanie (April 18, 2007). "Was gunman crazed over Emily?". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  101. ^ "Riddle of 'girlfriend' who was first to die'". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007.
  102. ^ "Massacre gunman's deadly infatuation with Emily'". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007.
  103. ^ Hayasaki, Erika; Fausset, Richard; Schreck, Adam (April 18, 2007). "A puzzling start to a deadly day". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  104. ^ "31 Dead In Virginia Tech Shooting". CBS 11. Associated Press. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  105. ^ Fantz, A. & O'Connor, A. (April 16, 2007). "Virginia Tech Shooting Kills at Least 33". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  106. ^ Potter, N.; Schoetz, D.; Esposito, R. & Thomas, P. (April 16, 2007). "Police cite person of interest in Va. Tech dorm killing". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  107. ^ Urbina, I. & Fernandez, M. (April 20, 2007). "University explains the return of troubled student". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  108. ^ Gelineau, K. (April 25, 2007). Va. Tech gunman fired 170-plus shots. Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
  109. ^ McLean, D. (April 25, 2007). "Police Find No Link Between Virginia Gunman, Victims". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  110. ^ "Hon strippade för massmördaren". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  111. ^ "Report: Cho Hired an Escort Before Rampage". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  112. ^ "The Shooter Prevails: Protecting Seung-hui Cho's Privacy". Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  113. ^ "Cho's Records Given To Investigating Panel". Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  114. ^ "Family Releases Seung-hui Cho's Mental Health Records: Panel Chair: Records Have Not Been Fully Examined". NBC4 Washington. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  115. ^ "Tech panel obtains records of gunman's mental health hearing". WDBJ. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  116. ^ Reed, Williams (June 22, 2007). "No drugs found in Cho's body". Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  117. ^ Green, Frank (August 20, 2009). "Opinions differed on Cho's dangerousness". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  118. ^ Friedman, Emily (August 19, 2009). "Va. Tech Shooter Seung-Hui Cho's Mental Health Records Released". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  119. ^ Ferguson, B. (April 20, 2007). Killer video haunts campus. Archived May 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Arab News (Saudi Arabia). Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  120. ^ "State taps firm that handled probe of Columbine shootings". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  121. ^ Kapsidelis, Thomas P. (April 16, 2019). "Notes". After Virginia Tech: Guns, Safety, and Healing in the Era of Mass Shootings. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-4223-0. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  122. ^ Christman, Roger (July 19, 2017). "The Library of Virginia Releases Virginia Tech Review Panel Records". The UncommonWealth. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  123. ^ a b "Cho family statement". CNN. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  124. ^ "The Facts of the Virginia Massacre". ABC News. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  125. ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya; Horwitz, Sari (April 12, 2008). "A Year After Massacre, Family Lives 'in Darkness'". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  126. ^ a b Hauser, Christine (April 18, 2007). "Gunman Sent Photos, Video and Writings to NBC". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  127. ^ "Gunman mailed package between shootings". abclocal. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008.
  128. ^ a b c d e f g Johnson, M. Alex (April 19, 2007). "Gunman sent package to NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  129. ^ a b Gold, Matea (April 19, 2007). "Gunman handed NBC an exclusive and a quandary". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021.
  130. ^ a b Johnson, Eric (April 18, 2007). "'Ismail-Ax': Breaking the Riddle". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  131. ^ a b c d e f Felberbaum, Michael (April 21, 2007). "Internet Abuzz Over 'Ismail Ax' Meaning". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  132. ^ a b c Rahn, Kim (April 18, 2007). "What Is 'Ismail Ax?'". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  133. ^ a b Poulsen, Kevin (April 17, 2007). "Cho Seung-Hui Left No Clues Online? -- Updated". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  134. ^ "Seung Hui Cho's 'Manifesto'" (PDF). School Shooters .info. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2016.
  135. ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (April 21, 2007). "Media outlets ease off video killer, but not because of complaints, they say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  136. ^ Gershberg, Michele (April 19, 2007). "Media dilemma deepens over Virginia gunman video". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  137. ^ "Killer's images 'a second assault on us'". CNN. April 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  138. ^ Macklin, W. (April 19, 2007). "Police Find Marginal Value In Killer's Manifesto; VA Tech Will Confer Degrees On Victims". AHN Media Corp. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  139. ^ Apuzzo, Matt (April 20, 2007). "Va. Tech Shooter a 'Textbook Killer'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022. University officials said that all of Cho's student victims would be awarded degrees posthumously, and officials are outlining a way to let students complete their courses, possibly by allowing their work to this point in the semester count as completed.
  140. ^ Huus, Kari (April 20, 2007). "Reading between Cho's lines". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  141. ^ a b "Psychiatrist: Showing Video Is 'Social Catastrophe'". ABC News. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  142. ^ "Experts Speak Out: Seung-Hui Cho's Video 'Manifesto'". ABC News. April 20, 2007. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  143. ^ "Tragedy at Virginia Tech". Oprah.com. November 20, 2007. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  144. ^ a b Sturcke, James (April 19, 2007). "Video excerpts of Virginia Tech killer Cho Seung-hui". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  145. ^ Borowsky, S. (April 26, 2007). Breeze perspectives: The mystery of a madman. The Breeze (student newspaper of James Madison University). Retrieved May 7, 2007. Archived 2007-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
  146. ^ a b Westcott, Kathryn (April 19, 2007). "Cho fits pattern of campus killers". BBC News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  147. ^ a b "In quotes: Virginia gunman's message". BBC News. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  148. ^ a b "Shooter: 'You have blood on your hands'". CNN. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  149. ^ a b c "Cho Seung-Hui's Plays". News Bloggers. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  150. ^ "Cho Seung-Hui's play, 'Richard McBeef'". AOL News. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  151. ^ Cho, Seung-Hui. "Mr. Brownstone". AOL News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
  152. ^ Plummer, K. & Carricaburu, J. (April 18, 2007). Virginia Tech killer named play after Guns N' Roses song "Mr. Brownstone." Archived 2007-04-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 19, 2007.
  153. ^ Clip joint: Mr. Brownstone. Archived April 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (April 18, 2007). The Times Online (UK). Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  154. ^ a b c d Horwitz, S. (August 29, 2007). "Paper by Cho exhibits disturbing parallels to shootings, sources say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  155. ^ Gangloff, Mike; Adams, Duncan (August 29, 2007). "Cho poem was entry in 2006 Virginia Tech event". The Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  156. ^ Mandell, Jonathan (April 18, 2007). "'Cho's Professor to Classmates: Don't Feel Guilty". CNN. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  157. ^ Wingert, Pat; Waddell, Lynn; Campo-Flores, Arian (April 16, 2007). "Va. Tech Shooting: Portrait of a Killer". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 19, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  158. ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (April 17, 2007). "Cho's classroom colleague reacts to tragedy". Collegiate Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
  159. ^ "Warning Signs From Student Gunman". CBS News. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  160. ^ Vossekuil, Bryan; et al. (May 2002). "Safe School Initiative Final Report" (PDF). U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  161. ^ "Something Awful: Richard McBeef". Something Awful. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  162. ^ "Graphic online culture debated after teen's arrest". Korea JoongAng Daily. September 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  163. ^ 손, 국희 (September 3, 2015). ""조승희 장군이 그립습니다"…막 나가는 증오 범죄 미화". 중앙일보 (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  164. ^ "' '제너럴 조'가 그립습니다'... 유나이티드 항공 사건 터지자 사람들이 '조승희' 찾는 이유는". 조선일보 (in Korean). April 14, 2017. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.

Further reading

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho