Samson can be either a masculine given name or a surname. It may refer to:

• Samson, the man of extraordinary strength in the Book of Judges in the Bible
• Samson of Dol (c. 485–c. 565), British saint
• Samson of Brechin (fl. 1150–1165), first known Bishop of Brechin, Scotland
• Samson of Tottington (1135–1211), English Benedictine monk and Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds
• Samson (bishop of Worcester) (died 1112), chaplain to William the Conqueror, later Bishop of Worcester
• Samson Abramsky (born 1953), British computer scientist
• Samson Felix Amarasinghe, Sri Lankan Sinhala civil servant
• Samson Ebukam (born 1995), American football player
• Samson Gombe (1938–1989), Kenyan scientist and professor
• Samson Johnson (born 2002), Togolese basketball player
• Samson Kandie (born 1971), Kenyan long-distance runner
• Samson Kitur (1966–2003), Kenyan middle-distance runner
• Samson Lee (born 1992), Welsh international rugby union player
• Samson Makintsev (1776–1849), Russian-Iranian general
• Samson Mulugeta (born 1983), Ethiopian footballer
• Samson Mwita Marwa (1932–2022), Kenyan member of parliament
• Samson Nacua (born 1998), American football player
• Samson Okunlola (born 2004), American football player
• Samson Rausuk (1793–1877), Lithuanian-British librarian and poet
• Samson Tam (born 1964), elected member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong

• Charles Rumney Samson (1883–1931), British air commodore and naval aviation pioneer
• Cid Samson (born 1943), Canadian politician
• Craig Samson (born 1984), Scottish footballer
• David Samson (rabbi) (born 1956), Orthodox rabbi
• David Samson (baseball) (born 1968), former Miami Marlins president; contestant on Survivor: Cagayan
• Edmé Samson (1810–1891), French possible forger of porcelain and pottery
• Elisabeth Samson (1715–1771), Surinamese coffee plantation owner
• Jérôme Samson (born 1987), Canadian National Hockey League player for the Carolina Hurricanes
• Joseph Samson (1888–1957), composer
• Leela Samson (born 1951), Indian Bharatanatyam dancer
• Leona D. Samson (born 1952), American biochemist
• Louis Samson (born 1995), German footballer
• Michel Samson (born 1972), Canadian politician
• Paul Samson (1953–2002), British heavy metal guitarist
• Polly Samson (born 1962), British novelist, songwriter and journalist
• Sanju Samson (born 1994), Indian cricketer
• Savanna Samson, stage name of American pornographic actress Natalie Oliveros (born 1967)
• Stéphane Samson (born 1975), French footballer
• Valerie Samson (born 1948), American composer and ethnomusicologist

• Sanju Samson (born 1994), Indian cricketer

• Sampson (given name)
• Sampson (surname)