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Ragmala

For other uses, see Ragamala.
Ragamala
Guru Granth Sahib
Folio of the Ragamala composition of the Kartarpur Bir which was written by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Guru Arjan, ca.1604
Information
ReligionSikhism
AuthorDisputed
LanguageSant Bhasha
Versestwelve verses running into sixty lines
Part of a series on the
Guru Granth Sahib
ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ
Popular compositions
Other compositions
Various aspects
Poetical metres, modes, measures, and rhythms


Ragmala, alternatively spelt as Raagmala or Ragamala (Punjabi: ਰਾਗਮਾਲਾ (Gurmukhi); pronounced rāgmālā,) is a composition of twelve verses (sixty lines) that names various raga. These raga appear in the saroops of Guru Granth Sahib, after the compositions of Guru Arjan entitled Mundavani (ਮੁੰਦਾਵਣੀ; meaning "The Royal Seal".)

The title literally means a 'Garland of Raga’, or a ‘Mode of Musical Melodies’ - "mala" means "garland", while "raga" means “musical composition or mode.” This work has inspired the series of Ragamala paintings. The list differs according to the author and the music school it is based upon. Variations on these lists can be found in the music text books of India.

Bhagat Singh (1718), a contemporary of Bhai Mani Singh illustrates in Gurbilas Patshahi 6, that the Ragas where distressed as artists were singing daughters with fathers, cousins together, mom and son together breaking the relations as well as not singing them on their right timing and approached Siri Guru Arjan with this problem who then added this composition.[1]

Controversy

Sikh Ragamala paintings from the last page of an illustrated Guru Granth Sahib, which carries the last verse of the Ragmala in a tiny circle. The script is in the Paonta Sahib hand. ca.18th century

There are eight raga used in Guru Granth Sahib that have not been mentioned in the Ragmala. These are: Bihagara, Wadahans, Manjh, Jaitsri, Ramkali, Tukhari, Prabhati and Jaijawanti. Mali-Gaura is not included in Raagmala but Gaura is.[2]

“The last pages of the Kartarpur Beerh do not suggest, either because of the presence of blank spaces, or scoring out, or obliteration hortal, or otherwise, that there was or could have been the least intention to write these hymns in the Granth. The Mudaavni is on page 973/1. Pages 973/2 and 974/1 are blank, and on page 974/2 is Raagmala. As such, there could never have been the possibility, nor could it ever have been contemplated that these three writings requiring a space of over four pages could have been accommodated on the two blank pages 973/2 and 974/1.” [3] - Professor Sahib Singh

According to Dr. S. S. Kapoor, the Sikh scholars differ in their opinion about its inclusion in the Granth. The traditional school thinks it to be a part of the Guru Granth Sahib and asserts that it is an index of raga used in the Guru Granth Sahib. This argument can be challenged on the grounds that the contents do not fully match. Another argument of the traditional schools (sampardai) that the Ragmala belongs to the original copy (written in the same ink and the same pen as the other parts) of the Granth.

Various Sikh Sampardas (traditional lineages of knowledge) allege that the Ragmala is not just a rosary of the Raags of the Guru Granth Sahib, but has a deeper spiritual meaning.

Official Sikh standpoint on the Raagmala

Article XI (a) of the Sikh Rehat Maryada (SRM):

"The reading of the whole Guru Granth Sahib (intermittent or non-stop) may be concluded with the reading of Mundawani alone or the Rag Mala according to the convention traditionally observed at all the concerned places. (Since there is a difference of opinion within the Panth on this issue, nobody should dare to write or print a copy of Guru Granth Sahib excluding the Raag Mala)."[4]

  • Mul Mantar and end of Ragamala from the Kartarpur Bir (circa 29 August 1604; the word "bir" means manuscript or codex) of the Guru Granth Sahib
    Mul Mantar and end of Ragamala from the Kartarpur Bir (circa 29 August 1604; the word "bir" means manuscript or codex) of the Guru Granth Sahib
  • Page showing the Ratanmala, Hakikat Rah Mukam Raja Shiv Nabh Ki, and Ragamala (the first two being unauthenticated compositions, known as kachi bani) from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript attributed to Baba Natha Singh, pre-1708
    Page showing the Ratanmala, Hakikat Rah Mukam Raja Shiv Nabh Ki, and Ragamala (the first two being unauthenticated compositions, known as kachi bani) from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript attributed to Baba Natha Singh, pre-1708

See also

References

  1. ^ Singh, Bhagat (1718). "Chapter 4". Gurbilas Patshahi 6.
  2. ^ Surindar Siṅgh Kohli. A Critical Study of Adi Granth. Delhi, 1961
  3. ^ Professor Sahib Singh. About the Compilation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Tr. Daljit Singh). Amritsar, 1996
  4. ^ "Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India". Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-02-01.

Further reading

  • Śabadārath Srī Gurū Granth Sāhib. Amritsar, 1964
  • Shamsher Singh Ashok. Rāgmālā Nirṇai. Amritsar, n.d.
  • Surindar Siṅgh Kohli. A Critical Study of Adi Granth. Delhi, 1961
  • Max Arthur Macauliffe. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Oxford, 1909
  • Professor Sahib Singh. About the Compilation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Tr. Daljit Singh). Amritsar, 1996
  • Madan Singh. Raag Maala - A Re-appraisal in the Context of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Amritsar, 2003.
  • Taran Singh. Ragmala. The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Vol. III. Ed. Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala, 1997. P 426.
  • Kavi Santokh Singh. Sri Gur Partap Suraj Granth. https://web.archive.org/web/20080905180746/http://www.ik13.com/Rasses/SGPS%20Raas%203.pdf
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragmala