This is a list of royal consorts of rulers that held power over present-day Iran. The title Shahbanu was used for the female ruler or royal consort in certain dynasties, including the Sassanids and Pahlavis.[2] The list is from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the monarchy in 1979.
^Howatson, M. C. (1 January 2011), Howatson, M. C. (ed.), "Ato'ssa", The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199548545.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-954854-5, retrieved 16 February 2022
^Daryaee, Touraj (18 August 2016), "Persian Empire", in McNeill, William H (ed.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History, Berkshire Publishing Group, doi:10.1093/acref/9780190622718.001.0001, ISBN 978-1-933782-65-2, retrieved 16 February 2022
^G. Ramsey, “The Queen and the City: Royal Female Intervention and Patronage in Hellenistic Civic Communities,” Gender & History, Vol 23, No. 3, 2011: 517.
^"Laodice IV". Livius. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
^Assar, A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period, 165-91 BCE, 2006. pg 88-112.
^J. Oelsner, “Recht im hellenistischen Babylon,” in Legal Documents of the Hellenistic World, ed. M. J. Geller and H. Maehler, London, 1995, pp. 106–148.
^Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC". Parthica. Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali: 67, 74. ISBN 978-8-881-47453-0. ISSN1128-6342.
^Sherwin-White, Susan Mary. "Laodice". Who's Who in the Classical World. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "Dēnag". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-56859-021-9.
^Sundermann, W. (1988). "BĀNBIŠN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/7: Banān–Bardesanes. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 678–679. ISBN 978-0-71009-119-2.
^Abbott, Nabia (1946). Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn Al Rashīd. University of Chicago Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-86356-031-6.
^Al-Tabari; Hugh Kennedy (1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.
^Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579868-5.
^al-Tabari, Muhammad Ibn Yarir (1989). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193. Bibliotheca Persica. Translated by C. E. Bosworth. State University of New York Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-88706-564-4.
^Al-Tabari; Hugh Kennedy (1990). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 29: Al-Mansur and al-Mahdi A.D. 763-786/A.H. 146-169. SUNY series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press. pp. 148–49.
^Ibn al-Sāʿī (2017). Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Introduction by Julia Bray, Foreword by Marina Warner. New York: New York University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4798-0477-1.
^The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, p. 62
^James D. Ryan, "Mongol Khatuns" Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia, ed. John Block Frieman and Kristen Mossler Figg (Garland, 2000), p. 407.
^ abGhiyās̲ al-Dīn ibn Humām al-Dīn Khvānd Mīr (1994). Habibü's-siyer: Moğol ve Türk hâkimiyeti. Harvard University. p. 125.
^Veit, Veronika, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 149. ISBN 9783447055376.
^Butler, John Anthony (2012). Sir Thomas Herbert: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great, by Sir Anthony Herbert, Bart. ACMRS Publications. p. 403. ISBN 978-0866984751.
^Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012). "Exploitation of the Frontier". Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B. Tauris. p. 483. ISBN 978-1780769905.
^Matthee, Rudi (2012). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. I.B.Tauris. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-845-11745-0.
^"Tavus Khanom". Institute for Iranian contemporary historical studies (in Persian). Retrieved 29 November 2016.
^Nashat, Guity (2004). "Marriage in the Qajar Period". In Beck, Lois; Nashat, Guity (eds.). Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0252071898.
^ abcdeMo'ayeri, Dustali (1982). Some notes from private life of Nasser al-Din Shah. Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh-e Iran.
^Azad, Hassan (1999). Gosheh hai az Tarikh Egtemai-e Iran: Posht Pardeh Haram [Corners of Iran's social history: behind the scenes of the harem] (in Persian). p. 356. ISBN 9789646614000. Nasser al-Din Shah had given her the title of Forough al-Saltanah, which at that time officially meant mistress. And Jeyran was the first to receive this title