Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Petro (token)

Petro
Petro logo
Denominations
PluralPetros
CodePTR
Subunits
 1⁄100,000,000Mene
Development
Original author(s)
White paperPetro White Paper
Initial release20 February 2018 (6 years ago) (2018-02-20)
Ledger
Block explorerregistro.blockchain.gob.ve/web
Website
Websitewww.petro.gob.ve

The petro (₽), or petromoneda,[2] launched in February 2018, was a crypto token issued by the government of Venezuela.[3][4]

Announced in December 2017, it was supposed to be backed by the country's oil and mineral reserves, and was intended to supplement Venezuela's plummeting hard bolívar currency, as a means of circumventing U.S. sanctions and accessing international financing. On 20 August 2018, the sovereign bolívar was introduced, with the government stating it would be linked to the petro coin value.[5][6]

As of January, 2020, Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro decreed it mandatory to pay with petro for government document services and airplane fuel for planes flying international flights.[7]

On January 15, 2024, the token was shut down and any remaining holdings were liquidated.[8]

History

Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro announced the petro in a televised address on 3 December 2017, stating that it would be backed by Venezuela's reserves of oil, gasoline, gold, and diamonds.[9][10]

Maduro stated that the petro would allow Venezuela to "advance in issues of monetary sovereignty",[11] and that it would make "new forms of international financing" available to the country.[9] Opposition leaders, however, expressed doubt due to Venezuela's economic turmoil,[10] pointing to the falling value of the Venezuelan bolívar, its fiat currency, and $140 billion in foreign debt.[12]

On 5 January 2018, Maduro announced that Venezuela would issue 100 million tokens of the petro,[13] which would put the value of the entire issuance at just over $6 billion. It also established a cryptocurrency government advisory group called VIBE to act as "an institutional, political and legal base" from which to launch the petro.[2] Carlos Vargas is the "Superintendent of Cryptocurrencies".

Also in January, as a response to the petro, Venezuela's National Assembly, headed by the opposition Democratic Unity Roundtable, declared the petro to be an illegal debt issuance by a government desperate for cash, and has said it will not recognize it.[14]

In a document leaked to and reviewed by Reuters, VIBE recommended that the government sell $2.3 billion worth of petros in a private offering at a discount of up to 60%, indicating that "Maduro's valuation of the nascent petro faces significant market skepticism", followed by $2.7 billion worth of petros offered to the public a month later, with the remainder "shared between the government and VIBE". It also suggested that the government accept tax payments in petros as well as allow PDVSA, the country's state-owned oil company, to incorporate cryptocurrencies in its dealings with foreign companies.[14][when?]

Launch

The petro's pre-sale started on 20 February 2018 and ended on 19 March 2018 where 38.4 million tokens were made available.[15][4][16] The government stated the pre-sale raised US$3.3 billion,[16] though according to Steve Hanke no independent audits were made to verify this claim.[17]

The technological identity of petro was perplexing during its genesis. Initially, the white paper stated that the currency would be on the Ethereum platform, but the white paper was changed at launch and the platform was to be NEM.[18] However, even after the launch, white papers in various languages still shared conflicting information as to which platform the petro was part of.[18] In October 2018, the white paper was changed once again, and a core developer of Ethereum, Joey Zhou, stated that the new petro white paper blatantly plagiarized from the GitHub repository of Dash. The newest version of the white paper revealed that petro was a clone, effectively a fork, of the cryptocurrency Dash.

Due to the unorganized launch by the Venezuelan government, scammers were able to establish their own "petro" currencies on various cryptocurrency platforms, though these schemes did not garner much success.[18]

The second phase of the petro launch involves a public sale of 44 million tokens.[16]

Petro gold

On 21 February 2018, petro gold, a gold-backed cryptocurrency, was announced in a televised speech given by Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro.[citation needed] It was not clear whether the gold backing the tokens would be actual gold reserves or some kind of share of the country's untapped mineral wealth.[19][20]

Currency reform

In August 2018, the Maduro government carried out a currency reform, centered around replacing the old hard bolívar currency with the sovereign bolívar.[21] One sovereign bolívar is worth a hundred thousand hard bolívares. Under the country's fixed exchange rate to the US dollar the new currency is devalued by roughly 95% compared to the old hard bolívar.[22] Additionally, the sovereign bolívar has a fixed exchange rate to the petro, with a rate of 3,600 bolívares soberanos to one petro. The petro's fixed exchange to barrels of oil is one to one (the market value was approximately US$60 at the time of the reforms). As part of the reforms Venezuelans will be paid at least 0.5 petros a month.[16][23]

Following the reform, Reuters investigated the petro six months after its ICO. When visiting the Venezuelan Ministry of Finance headquarters in Caracas, the Superintendent of Cryptocurrencies did not have an office there and their promoted website did not exist.[24] The Atapirire parish, where President Maduro specifically decreed the petro's value would be linked to oil reserves in the area, has seen no petroleum-related activities and the oil rigs in the area appeared small, old and abandoned.[24] Experts in economics stated that it was impossible to link the petro to the sovereign bolívar because no one knows its legitimate value.[24] Though "reservations" were sold by the Venezuelan government to obtain petros, no petros had been released by the Venezuelan government.[24]

Design

The design of the petro by the Venezuelan government has been controversial, with white paper changing by the day even after the petro's pre-sale.[25] Petros were 100% "pre-mined" by the Venezuelan government, meaning that new tokens cannot be created after the issuance.[25] Members of the Venezuelan Ministry of University Education, Science and Technology allegedly under advisory of the Russian government designed the petro to circumvent United States sanctions, with Russian president Vladimir Putin denying official involvement.[1] On 1 October 2018, the cryptocurrency switched to an X11 algorithm-based design, which was copied from Dash.[26]

Transactions

During the ICO petros could only be purchased from the Venezuelan government with Russian rubles, Bitcoin, NEM and Ethereum.[27] The minimum required investment to acquire the crypto-asset in 2018 was 50 euros (or its equivalent) per digital wallet or 1000 euros (or its equivalent) per bank deposits.[28]

As of 2018 Venezuela legally allowed the use of petro for virtually any payment including oil trade, taxes, fees, real estate, gasoline, flights and more.[29]

Price and volatility

Weiss Cryptocurrency Ratings states that the white paper shows no method as to how the Venezuelan government will base the petro on oil prices, concluding that the currency "is a worthless token".[30] But according to the white paper, the base price of the petro is equivalent to the price of a single Venezuelan oil barrel: 1 petro = 1 oil barrel. The official Venezuelan oil price is defined by the Venezuelan Ministry of Oil and Mining and the current price of the petro (during the ICO) is referenced on its web page.[31]

According to the official white paper, national and international licensed exchanges will be able to sell and exchange the petro, allowing the market to define its price.[citation needed] While there is no mechanism to exchange petros for any other currency yet, the government is expected to back each petro with the value of one oil barrel obtained specifically from the Atapirire parish of Anzoátegui to be exchanged into bolivares or other currencies.[24][32] However, President Maduro has made contradictory statements saying that the petro's worth may be determined solely by market value.[33]

Reception

United States

The United States Department of the Treasury warned that participating in Venezuela's proposed initial coin offering for the petro cryptocurrency could violate U.S. sanctions against Venezuela, because it "would appear to be an extension of credit to the Venezuelan government".[14] President Donald Trump signed an executive order prohibiting transactions in any Venezuelan government-issued cryptocurrency by a United States person or within the United States, effective 19 March 2018,[34][35] after claiming it was designed to obfuscate US sanctions and access international financing.[36]

Others

The Brookings Institution stated that "it is relatively unsurprising that a dictatorship with little reserve currency ... has resorted to a deceitful means like introducing the petro ... the petro ... exists to create foreign currency reserves from thin air", further explaining that the creation of the petro has tarnished the reputation of cryptocurrencies and that sanctioned countries "might pursue the same fraudulent strategy as Venezuela: create a cryptocurrency tied to a government-controlled asset, raise money in violation of sanctions, and proceed to manipulate that cryptocurrency's value to maximize profit".[27]

Financial

The cryptocurrency community's response was generally negative. Economist Jean Paul Leidenz expressed concerns that the creation of the petro would encourage further hyperinflation.[2] Supply-side economist Steve Hanke, who studies hyperinflation in Venezuela, stated that the petro was likely to wind up "in the graveyard", later saying of the petro, "It doesn't exist. The whole thing is a sham, a fraud. It was rolled out in January, and it doesn't trade. It is not considered by those who rate cryptocurrencies as even a cryptocurrency."[17] Other analysts point to its government control or centralisation as its greatest weakness.[37] Financial journalist Max Keiser expressed his support in light of the country's hyperinflation.

According to Bloomberg, the organizations that rank cryptocurrencies have described the petro as a "scam", with sites like ICOindex, ICObench, Cryptorated and ICOreview giving negative reviews or not even rating the petro due to its status.[38] Initially, from its white paper which was released in January 2018, the petro was missing some important information regarding its mechanism to its technology. After a couple of weeks, a new version of the white paper was released which announced a different blockchain platform on which the petro would be built.[citation needed]

Investment

The Washington Post economic reporter Matt O'Brien said that "The petro might be the most obviously horrible investment ever... The petro is about creating something useless – that's why only foreigners can buy them, but only Venezuelans can spend them".[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Shuster, Simon (20 March 2018). "Exclusive: Russia Secretly Helped Venezuela Launch a Cryptocurrency to Evade U.S. Sanctions". Time. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Chappell, Bill (4 December 2017). "Venezuela Will Create New 'Petro' Cryptocurrency, President Maduro Says". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  3. ^ Chohan, Usman W. (7 February 2018). "Cryptocurrencies as Asset-Backed Instruments: The Venezuelan Petro". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3119606. S2CID 169091464. SSRN 3119606. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  4. ^ a b Rachelle Krygier (21 February 2018). "Venezuela launches the 'petro,' its cryptocurrency". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  5. ^ Venezuela 'paralysed' by launch of sovereign bolivar currency, BBC News, 21 August 2018, archived from the original on 5 July 2022, retrieved 22 August 2018
  6. ^ "Venezuela rolls out new currency amid rampant hyperinflation". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  7. ^ "Maduro bids to revive Venezuela's 'petro' cryptocurrency". France 24. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  8. ^ "Venezuela Kills Off Petro Cryptocurrency". Barron's. 12 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Venezuela Plans a Cryptocurrency, Maduro Says". The New York Times. 3 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  10. ^ a b Ulmer, Alexandra; Deisy Buitrago (3 December 2017). "Enter the 'petro': Venezuela to launch oil-backed cryptocurrency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  11. ^ Chohan, Usman W. (27 November 2017). "Cryptoanarchism and Cryptocurrencies". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3079241. S2CID 158630573. SSRN 3079241. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ "Venezuela unveils virtual currency amid economic crisis". BBC. 3 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  13. ^ Gupta, Girish (5 January 2018). "Maduro says Venezuela will issue $5.9 billion in oil-backed cryptocurrency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  14. ^ a b c Wroughton, Lesley (16 January 2018). "U.S. warns investors over Venezuela's 'petro' cryptocurrency". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  15. ^ Gallas, Daniel (30 January 2018). "Venezuela presses ahead with Petro". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Venezuela is to start selling its cryptocurrency "Petro" next month. In a meeting with cabinet ministers, President Nicolas Maduro (above) said it will launch the currency on 20 February.
  16. ^ a b c d "Here's What Maduro Has Said of Venezuela's Petro Cryptocurrency - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  17. ^ a b Mak, Aaron (22 August 2018). "Venezuela Is About to Become the First Country to Peg Its Currency to a Cryptocurrency. Don't Believe the Hype". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  18. ^ a b c "Venezuela's 'Petro' Launch Was Amateur Hour". Vice News. 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  19. ^ Brian Ellsworth; Ana Isabel Martinez (21 February 2018), Venezuela aims for crypto alchemy with new 'petro gold' token, Reuters, archived from the original on 8 March 2018, retrieved 23 March 2018
  20. ^ David Gilbert (22 February 2018), "Venezuela is launching yet another cryptocurrency to save the economy", Vice News, archived from the original on 26 February 2018, retrieved 23 March 2018
  21. ^ "With 1,000,000% inflation, Venezuela slashes five zeroes from its bills". 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  22. ^ Hopps, Kat (21 August 2018). "Venezuela crisis: How much is the bolivar worth today? Bs to USD to GBP". Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  23. ^ Phillips, Tom (20 August 2018). "Venezuela devalues currency and raises minimum wage by 3,000%". the Guardian.
  24. ^ a b c d e Ellsworth, Brian (30 August 2018). "Special Report: In Venezuela, new cryptocurrency is nowhere to be found". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2018. The coin is not sold on any major cryptocurrency exchange. No shops are known to accept it.
  25. ^ a b c O'Brien, Matt (5 March 2018). "Venezuela's cryptocurrency is one of the worst investments ever". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  26. ^ "Petro". Archived from the original on 21 August 2018.
  27. ^ a b West, Jack Karsten and Darrell M. (9 March 2018). "Venezuela's "petro" undermines other cryptocurrencies – and international sanctions". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Petro Divisa on Twitter". 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  29. ^ Samson, Adam (20 February 2018). "Venezuela launches presale of state-backed 'petro' cryptocurrency". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Bittersweet Story of the Petro". Weiss Cryptocurrency Ratings. Weiss Ratings. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  31. ^ "Inicio". Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  32. ^ Browne, Ryan (21 February 2018). "Venezuela's oil-backed cryptocurrency raised $735 million in one day, president claims". CNBC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  33. ^ "¡Confuso! Maduro asegura que ajustará el precio del petro cada seis meses". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 7 September 2018. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  34. ^ "Executive Order on Taking Additional Steps to Address the Situation in Venezuela". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via National Archives.
  35. ^ "Trump Bans US Use of Venezuelan Cryptocurrency". Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  36. ^ "Donald Trump has banned all American use of Venezuelan cryptocurrencies". Independent.co.uk. 19 March 2018. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022.
  37. ^ Jon Markman (2 February 2018). "Trading Lesson: New Government Coins Pose Existential Threat to Cryptos". MoneyShow. MoneyShow.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Crypto Rating Sites Are Already Calling Venezuela's Petro a Scam". Bloomberg. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

Further reading

  • Nathaniel Popper; Ana Vanessa Herrero (20 March 2020). "The Coder and the Dictator". The New York Times. Gabriel Jiménez hated the Venezuelan strongman Nicolás Maduro. But he loved cryptocurrency. When he built the regime a digital coin, he nearly paid with his life.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)