Perforating granuloma annulare
| Perforating granuloma annulare | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Dermatology  |
Perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) is a skin condition of unknown cause, usually appearing on the dorsal hands, presenting as papules with a central keratotic core.[1]: 704
Signs and symptoms
Perforating granuloma annulare is characterized by flesh-to-red, umbilicated papules or pustules that range in size from 1 to 5 mm.[2] These papules are frequently arranged in an annular form and frequently have an exudate, crusting, or scaling covering them.[3] It is possible to characterize the distribution of PGA as either generalized or localized, since only 9% of patients initially present with a single lesion.[4]
Causes
The cause of perforating granuloma annulare is unknown.[3]
Diagnosis
Granulomas containing histiocytes arranged in a palisading pattern surround necrobiotic collagen, which is usually represented by the deposition of mucin and infrequently fibrin, according to the histopathologic features of PGA.[3] Furthermore, the epidermis is perforated and necrobiotic material is expelled as a result of the granulomas' location in the superficial reticular dermis.[4]
Treatment
Complete excision, psoralen and UVA therapy, intralesional triamcinolone, and high-dose corticosteroids are among the PGA treatment options.[2]
See also
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ a b Jacob, Joanne S; Krenek, Gregory; Tschen, Jaime (August 24, 2020). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare Mimicking Psoriasis". Cureus. 12 (8). Cureus, Inc.: e9983. doi:10.7759/cureus.9983. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 7511076. PMID 32983684.
- ^ a b c Alves, João; Barreiros, Hugo; Bártolo, Elvira (September 4, 2014). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare — An Unusual Subtype of a Common Disease". Healthcare. 2 (3). MDPI AG: 338–345. doi:10.3390/healthcare2030338. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 4934595. PMID 27429281.
- ^ a b Witkoff, Benjamin M.; Ivanov, Nedyalko N.; Trotter, Shannon C. (August 6, 2019). "Perforating Granuloma Annulare Appearing as a Psoriasiform Lesion". Case Reports in Dermatology. 11 (2). S. Karger AG: 233–238. doi:10.1159/000501875. ISSN 1662-6567. PMC 6738183. PMID 31543770. (Retracted, see doi:10.1159/000519791)
Further reading
- Lopez-Navarro, Norberto; Castillo, Rosa; Gallardo, MarÍa A.; Alcaide, Antonio; Matilla, Alfredo; Herrera, Enrique (January 1, 2008). "Successful treatment of perforating granuloma annulare with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment". Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 19 (6). Informa UK Limited: 376–377. doi:10.1080/09546630802132650. ISSN 0954-6634. PMID 18608717. S2CID 28009992.
- Peñas, Pablo F.; Jones-Caballero, María; Fraga, Javier; Sánchez-Pérez, Javier; García-Díez, Amaro (1997). "Perforating granuloma annulare". International Journal of Dermatology. 36 (5). Wiley: 340–348. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00047.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 9199980. S2CID 24831501.