Kagwahiva language
| Kawahíva | |
|---|---|
| Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI | |
| Kawahib | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Mato Grosso and Rondônia |
| Ethnicity | (see varieties below) |
Native speakers | 870 (2000–2006)[1] |
Tupian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:pah – Tenharim–Parintintínurz – Uru-eu-wau-waukuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo)jua – Júmaxmo – Morerebitkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested)wir – Wirafédpaf – Paranawátadw – Amondawaapi – Apiacá |
| Glottolog | tupi1280 |
Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil. The major variety is Tenharim.
The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna (not to be confused with neither the Panoan group, nor the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which all have the same name), Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation, Jupaú), Júma, Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.
Varieties
There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:[3][4]
- Kawahíwa
- Northern
- Southern
Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.
Phonology
Tenharim dialect
Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim/Uruewawau dialect:[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Low | a ã |
- /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |
| Stop/Affricate | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| Fricative | β | h | ||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
- /ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
- /β/ can also be heard as [w] in the Uruewawau dialect.
Júma dialect
Phonemic inventory of the Júma dialect:[6]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
| Low | a ã |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | ɡ | |||||
| Fricative | h | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
References
- ^ Tenharim–Parintintín at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Uru-eu-wau-wau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Júma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Morerebi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ^ Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.
- ^ Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.
- ^ Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
- ^ Abrahamson, Arne & Joyce (1984). Os fonemas da língua júma. In Robert A. Dooley (ed.), Estudos sobre línguas tupí do Brasil: Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 157–174.
Further reading
- dos Santos, W. N. (2024). Topics on the syntax of Kawahíva: A Tupí-Guaraní language from the Brazilian Amazon. Doctor's Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n3020c1
External links
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tenharim". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Júma". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
- Portal Japiim (online dictionary)