Langbahn Team – Weltmeisterschaft

Otzma Yehudit

Otzma Yehudit
עוצמה יהודית‎
LeaderItamar Ben-Gvir
Founded13 November 2012
Merger ofJewish National Front
Hatikva
Split fromNational Union
Eretz Yisrael Shelanu
HeadquartersJerusalem
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
ReligionOrthodox Judaism
National affiliationYachad (2015)
URWP (2019)
Religious Zionist Party (2021–2022; 2022)
Knesset
6 / 120
Election symbol
נץ‎ (2013, 2020),
כף‎ (2019)
Website
www.ozma-yeudit.co.il

Otzma Yehudit (Hebrew: עָצְמָה יְהוּדִית, lit. 'Jewish Power'[2] or 'Jewish Strength'[3]) is a far-right,[4][5] ultra-nationalist,[6][7] Kahanist,[8] and anti-Arab political party in Israel.[9] It is the ideological descendant of the outlawed Kach party.[10][11]

The party advocates for the deportation of those who they consider to be the "enemies of Israel", and leader Itamar Ben-Gvir was associated with the original Kach movement, though he now disagrees with the stance of deporting all Arabs from Israel.[12] The party has been widely described in the international press as an extremist, ultranationalist, and racist organisation supporting Jewish supremacy and has been described by multiple sources, including the Israeli sociologist Eva Illouz, as a "Jewish fascist group".[23]

Otzma ran independently in the 2013 elections and as part of a list with ultra-Orthodox party Yachad in 2015. Though in both elections they did not manage to pass the electoral threshold, the Yachad list was around 10,000 votes short of the threshold.[24] Ahead of the first 2019 election, the party ran with the Jewish Home as part of the Union of Right-Wing Parties, after Naftali Bennett abandoned the Jewish Home to form the New Right party. While the Union of Right-Wing Parties passed the threshold, winning five seats, Otzma only held the seventh spot on the list, as their other representative Michael Ben-Ari was banned for incitement.[25][26] After Ben-Ari was banned, Itamar Ben-Gvir was appointed leader of the party.

The party ran independently in the second 2019 election, winning 1.88% of the vote, though some polls had predicted that the party would pass the threshold.[27] Despite coming to an agreement with the Jewish Home to contest the 2020 Israeli legislative election as the United Jewish Home,[28] Otzma was left to run independently when the Jewish Home, the New Right, and Tkuma re-formed Yamina.[29] In the 2021 election, Otzma ran on a joint list with the Religious Zionist Party and Noam, as part of a deal orchestrated by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, that would include the list receiving an extra seat from the Likud list.[30] Following the 2021 election, Ben-Gvir won a seat, with the deal considered to have brought the party into the mainstream of Israeli politics.[12] The party won an additional five seats in the 2022 elections.[31]

Background

The party was originally formed as Otzma LeYisrael (Hebrew: עָצְמָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל; lit. 'Strength for Israel'),[32][33] on 13 November 2012 by MKs Aryeh Eldad and Michael Ben-Ari, who split from the National Union to form a new party ahead of the 2013 elections.[34]

Eldad was first elected to the Knesset on the National Union list in 2003.[35] In November 2007, Eldad formed a new secular far-right party named Hatikva.[36] Ultimately, Hatikva ran as a faction of the National Union in the 2009 elections, and Eldad retained his seat.[37] Ben-Ari ran for Knesset unsuccessfully in the 2003 elections with the Herut – The National Movement party, and in the 2006 elections with the Jewish National Front party; both times, the parties failed to pass the threshold. Leading up to the 2009 elections, the Jewish National Front, headed by a long-time Kach party activist Baruch Marzel, allied with Eretz Yisrael Shelanu, a new party founded by Chabad Rabbi Shalom Dov Wolpo. The joint list ran as part of the National Union, with Michael Ben-Ari, its representative, taking the fourth spot on the alliance's list. The National Union won four seats, allowing Ben-Ari to enter the Knesset.[38]

Eldad, a secular hard-liner, and Ben-Ari, an Orthodox Jew and former Kach activist,[39][40] decided to form the new faction Otzma LeYisrael in October 2012, before the 2013 election, after months of infighting within the National Union, over if the party should hold primaries or not. Eldad was chosen to lead the party's list, followed by Ben-Ari and Marzel; the party was officially formed as a breakaway of the National Union on 13 November 2013.[34] The party has affiliations with, and shared their office with, the anti-assimilation group Lehava, whose Director-General Bentzi Gopshtain is a member of the party. The office of Lehava and Otzma Yehudit was raided in 2014.[41][42][43][44] The party's anthem is the "Jingle of Otzma LeYisrael".[45][46]

Ideology

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in Israel
Ideologies
Principles
Intellectuals
Politicians
Literature
Parties
Active

Defunct

Alliances
Organisations
Active

Defunct

Media
Related topics

The party is considered to be Religious Zionist, Kahanist, ultra-nationalist, anti-Arab, and far-right,[9][47][48] and has also been described as racist,[49][50] though the party disputes this.[51] Various sources, including the Israeli sociologist Eva Illouz, have described the party as a Jewish supremacist and Jewish fascist group.[20][13][14][21] Otzma Yehudit calls for a one-state solution, including the annexation of the West Bank and complete Israeli rule of the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.[52] The party is against the formation of a Palestinian state, and advocates cancellation of the Oslo Accords, as well as for imposing Israeli sovereignty over the Temple Mount.[53][12]

The party advocates for increased emphasis on the teaching of Jewish history in all elementary schools to "deepen Jewish identity in students".[47] The party is against "freezing construction of Jewish settlements, releasing terrorists, or negotiating with the PA".[54] The party advocates deportation of "Arab extremists".[54] On 24 February 2019, party member Itamar Ben Gvir called for the expulsion of Arab citizens of Israel who are not loyal to Israel.[55] In 2022, current leader Ben-Gvir endorsed deporting the Joint List chairman Ayman Odeh, as well as the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta sect, "on a train."[56] As part of his 2022 campaign he also advocated for giving full immunity to soldiers.[57] While his party advocates for deportations, Ben-Gvir stated he was wrong when he held the position in his youth that all Arabs should be expelled.[12]

The party advocates what it calls "Jewish capitalism" as its economic system, and claims that its approach would save "billions of shekels from the reduction of the defense budget following the removal of the enemy", which would be directed at infrastructure development, reducing bureaucracy and regulations, as well as allocating resources to strengthen "weak populations". The party also supports aiding the elderly and disabled. The party is also opposed to abortion.[58] The party supports easing restrictions on the IDFs rules of engagement.[59] As part of a political merger with The Jewish Home, the party pledged to oppose price tag attacks.[60]

Election campaigns

Otzma LeYisrael campaign banner for the 2013 elections.

In November 2012, Michael Ben-Ari announced the campaign slogan for the 2013 elections: "There are no rights without duties".[9] The party failed to pass the election threshold.[61] In 2014, police raided the offices of Otzma Yehudit, due to the offices being shared with the organization Lehava.[41][42] This was also the year that the party announced they would be participating in the 2015 election; they announced that their slogan would be: "Those on the right vote Otzma Yehudit! Autonomy? Two states? There's Meretz for that. One state - Otzma Yehudit!"[62]

In 2015, the party chose to contest the 2015 Knesset election as part of a joint list with Yachad; Baruch Marzel was the only candidate from the party to run on the list.[63] There was a conflict during the negotiations between the parties due to Yachad being worried that if the parties ran on a list together, and failed to pass the threshold, it would put the right-wing coalition at risk.[54] It was speculated before the election that the joint list would win as many as five seats in the Knesset.[64] Though in the election, Yachad only won 125,106 votes (2.97%) votes, falling short of the 3.25% threshold needed for winning seats in the Knesset.[65] Members of the ultra-Orthodox Shas party were accused of tampering with the ballots of Yachad,[66] as well as creating a straw party with the election symbol of Otzma Yehudit to trick Yachad voters.[67] After the elections, the party announced that they were planning on establishing an alternative media source. Michael Ben-Ari also said that the party was unsure if it planned on competing in other elections, instead hoping to focus on extra-parliamentary activism.[68]

On 5 November 2018, the party announced it was running for the April 2019 Israeli legislative election.[69] They also launched a crowd-funding page to fund their campaign.[70] The funding campaign resulted in the party receiving NIS 820,000.[71] After Naftali Bennett announced that he was leaving The Jewish Home party to form the New Right party, Otzma Yehudit called on Bezalel Smotrich and Eli Yishai to create an Orthodox-nationalist bloc for running in the 2019 elections.[72]

Otzma Yehudit logo during 2019–2020 elections

In January 2019, the party entered talks with the Tkuma party in order to create an alliance.[73] In February, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached out to Otzma Yehudit in an attempt to try and get the party to run on a list with Tkuma and The Jewish Home, leading to criticism from opposition Knesset members.[74] The chairman of Tkuma, Bezalel Smotrich, responded by saying that the Likud should merge with Otzma Yehudit.[75] Negotiations for a joint list with Tkuma ended on 11 February 2019,[76] and Otzma Yehudit indicated it would run with another party instead.[77] On 20 February 2019, Otzma Yehudit and The Jewish Home reached a deal that would give Otzma Yehudit the 5th and 8th seats in a technical bloc.[78] On 21 February 2019, the party announced that their candidates for the list would be Michael Ben-Ari and Itamar Ben-Gvir.[79] On 17 March 2019, Ben-Ari was banned from running for the Knesset ahead of the April 2019 Israeli legislative election.[80] In response, Ben-Ari stated: "We will win. This is not the end... We will put an end to the judicial junta."[81]

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's role in brokering the deal with Jewish Home was widely condemned; American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) and the American Jewish Committee preemptively announced that even if Otzma Yehudit entered the government, they would not meet with them.[82] The former noted in a tweet that "AIPAC has a long-standing policy not to meet with members of this racist and reprehensible party".[83] On 25 June 2019, Otzma Yehudit split from the Union of Right-Wing Parties. Ben-Gvir was expected to enter the government after Netanyahu had agreed to pass a form of the Norwegian law, though Netanyahu's failure to form a government, and Peretz' refusal to resign his Knesset seat, made it impossible.[84] Subsequently, it was reported that the party had discussed alliances for the September 2019 elections with former Likud MK Oren Hazan,[85] Zehut leader Moshe Feiglin,[86] and New Right leader Ayelet Shaked.[87] Despite initially partnering with the Noam party, the two parties split over Otzma's insistence on fielding a secular candidate, and Otzma chose to run independently.[88]

On 21 August 2019, Otzma Yehudit and Likud submitted an ultimately unsuccessful petition to the Supreme Court requesting that the Joint List be banned from contesting the September 2019 elections.[89] On 25 August 2019, the Supreme Court ruled that Otzma Yehudit candidates Baruch Marzel and Ben-Zion Gopstein were banned from running in the September 2019 elections.[90] On 26 August 2019, Likud representative Natan Eshel met with Ben-Gvir to urge Otzma Yehudit to drop out of the race.[91] However, Ben-Gvir subsequently claimed that he had requested the meeting to enlist Likud's assistance for the Otzma campaign, on the grounds that Netanyahu would be unable to command a Knesset majority unless Otzma passed the electoral threshold.[92] Otzma did not pass the electoral threshold, winning 1.88% of the vote.[93] On 20 December 2019, Otzma Yehudit and the Jewish Home party agreed to run on a joint list called the United Jewish Home ahead of the 2020 Israeli legislative election.[94][28] On 15 January 2020, the New Right, Tkuma and the Jewish Home reformed Yamina, leaving Otzma outside of the list.[29] The party failed to cross the threshold.[95]

On 31 January 2021, Otzma Yehudit formed a joint list with Noam ahead of the 2021 Israeli legislative election. Ben-Gvir and Noam head Avi Maoz urged The Jewish Home and the Religious Zionist Party to also unite with Otzma Yehudit.[96] The Religious Zionist Party subsequently did so on 3 February.[97] Ahead of the 2022 election, with Otzma rising in polls they sought to increase their representation within the Religious Zionist Party list. However, Smotrich denied their candidate the 7th spot on the list, spurring Ben-Gvir to announce a solo run.[98][99] This caused the leader of opposition, Benjamin Netanyahu, to publicly encourage the list to reunite to avoid losing right-wing votes to the threshold. Following the initial split, Otzma had been polling higher than the Religious Zionist party; after Netanyahu called for a reunification of the list, Otzma publicly offered a rotating list with Smotrich as the leader, and every other seat going to Otzma.[100] The party also hired a political campaigning firm named "C.I.Y Global", which was founded by former Mossad chief Danny Yatom, to help with its election campaign.[57] Otzma Yehudit and the Religious Zionist Party reunited and also included a candidate from Noam in a last minute move before the deadline for list submissions.[101] The party won six seats, while the broader joint list won 14 seats in total.[102]

History

2016

In June 2016, Otzma Yehudit organized a march from 'Ara to Ar'ara.[103][104] The march started in Ara due to it being the village which Nashat Melhem was from, who was a terrorist responsible for an attack in Tel Aviv.[105] The application for the march was originally denied; however, after an appeal to the Supreme Court, the march was allowed to go on, though they had to respect the conditions set by the police.[103]

2017

On 19 July, the party requested a permit from police to organize a march in Umm al-Fahm.[106][107] On 21 July, the party distributed food to security forces in Jerusalem.[108] On 23 July, dozens of party members demonstrated outside of the Prime Minister's Office in Jerusalem in the evening; the demonstrators called upon Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman to resign.[109] On the evening of 24 July, their party blockaded a junction just outside Nablus, preventing both the entry and exit of Palestinians.[5] On 24 September, the party's planned conference in Lod was cancelled by orders of the Lod City Hall; it was instead held in Gandhi Garden.[110][111] After it was rescheduled, the party's leader, Michael Ben-Ari, released a video calling for Arabs to leave Israel and move to Arab countries. The conference was condemned by the Coalition Against Racism in Israel.[112] On 1 November, the party put up billboards for the memorial of Meir Kahane, though the billboards were taken down after pressure from left-wing lawmakers, as well as NGOs.[113] On 4 December, in protest of stone-throwing by Arabs against a group of Jewish children on a hike,[114] activists from the party announced that they would hike to the same cave that the children went to.[115] They were stoned by Arabs as well.[116]

2018

In January 2018, Baruch Marzel and Michael Ben-Ari distributed Tigrinya-language flyers in Tel Aviv inviting refugees to the houses of Meretz MKs and left-wing activists.[117] On 9 April 2018, it was reported that the police withdrew their permit for them to demonstrate in Umm al-Fahm; however, under the Eldad Yaniv precedent, they would continue with their protest which was planned a year earlier[106] without police permission.[118][119] The protest occurred on 10 April, with dozens of activists attending; however, the police blocked the party from entering the city, although Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan said that they were allowed to earlier that morning.[120] Party leaders, Michael Ben Ari, Baruch Marzel, Zvi Sukkot, and Itamar Ben Gvir were arrested en route.[121][122] The protest included leader of Lehava, Benzi Gopstein.[43] On 6 August, the party received permission to march in Umm al-Fahm after petitioning the Supreme Court.[123][124] The march occurred without incident on 9 August.[125]

2022

Otzma Yehudit was the first party to sign a coalition agreement with Likud on 25 November following the 2022 Israeli legislative election.[126]

Controversies

In December 2012, Otzma LeYisrael ran an ad campaign on billboards and bus advertisements that included words in Arabic such as "equality" and "taxes". One of the signs was banned by the Israeli Central Elections Committee on the ground that the ad was seen as racist. The ad shows the Arabic word "loyalty" with the Hebrew caption "Because without duties, there are no rights".[127] This ban was later reversed by the Supreme Court of Israel. Aryeh King, a Ma'ale HaZeitim resident, ran as number four on the party list for the 2013 Knesset elections. Later that year, he was elected into the Jerusalem municipal council, where he became Chairman of the Environment Committee, Deputy Chairperson of the Emergency and Security Committee, and a council member on the Regional Planning and Building Committee. While holding these positions, in January 2014, he distributed thousands of flyers to the Arab residents of Jerusalem asking them to leave the Land of Israel in exchange for a negotiated amount, due to the Jewish rights to the land, as written down in the Torah and acknowledged in the Koran.[128][129] In the 2018 municipal elections, King's United party again won two seats in the Jerusalem Municipality.[130] On 5 November 2023, Otzma Yehudit government minister Amihai Eliyahu was suspended from the Israeli cabinet for claiming that the use of nuclear weapons was "one of the possibilities" when discussing Israel's options in its ongoing military action in the Gaza Strip.[131]

Ein L'zion Project

See also: Palestinian stone-throwing

On 14 January 2018, the party announced its plan to catch individuals throwing rocks at Jews in the West Bank, and to seek prosecution of the rock-throwers after submitting evidence to the police. The party planned to film evidence through the use of drones piloted by trained volunteers.[132][133] Training volunteers, and buying the drones, was paid via a successful crowdfunding campaign.[134] On 31 January 2018, the party succeed in recording rock-throwers attacking Jewish youth who were planting trees at a Tu Bishvat festival.[135]

On 1 February 2019, during a stone-throwing incident outside the Adei Ad settlement during the unrest following a death in the village of al-Mughayyir the previous week, "over a hundred residents" of the village were photographed by an Otzma Yehudit photographer as part of the project, with the intention of handing it over to the IDF and the police, alongside an appeal to "liquidate the terrorist nest" of the neighboring village.[136]

Leaders

Leader Took office Left office
Aryeh Eldad 2012 2013
Michael Ben-Ari 2013 2019
Itamar Ben-Gvir 2019 Incumbent

Election results

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Status
2013 Aryeh Eldad 64,782 1.76
0 / 120
 Decrease 2 Extraparliamentary
2015 Michael Ben-Ari Part of Yachad
0 / 120
 – Extraparliamentary
April 2019 Michael Ben-Ari Part of the URWP
0 / 120
 – Extraparliamentary
September 2019 Itamar Ben-Gvir 83,609 1.88
0 / 120
 – Extraparliamentary
2020 Itamar Ben-Gvir 19,402 0.42
0 / 120
 – Extraparliamentary
2021 Itamar Ben-Gvir Part of the RZP
1 / 120
 Increase 1 Opposition
2022 Itamar Ben-Gvir Part of the RZP
6 / 120
 Increase 5 Coalition

Knesset members

Knesset Members Notes
18th Aryeh Eldad,[137] Michael Ben-Ari[38] Party breaks away from the National Union in 2012
24th Itamar Ben-Gvir[138] Serving under the Religious Zionist Party
25th Itamar Ben-Gvir, Yitzhak Wasserlauf, Almog Cohen, Amihai Eliyahu, Zvika Fogel, Limor Son Har-Melech Serving under the Religious Zionist Party (until 20 November 2022)[102]

References

  1. ^ "En Israël, le camp suprémaciste juif de retour à la Knesset". Le Monde. 18 April 2021.
  2. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (24 October 2022). "As Israel Votes, Again, Netanyahu Pins Hopes on the Far Right". The New York Times.
  3. ^ Avishai, Bernard (27 February 2019). "Behind Netanyahu's Deal with the Racist Right—and How the Opposition United Against Him". The New Yorker. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  4. ^ Hassan Shaalan (15 January 2013). "Rightists protest "illegal construction" in Arab village". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Work starts on new outpost outside Halamish after deadly terror attack". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  6. ^ "US condemns far-right Israeli ministers' call for Palestinians to 'emigrate' from Gaza". France 24. 3 January 2024.
  7. ^ "US condemns Israeli minister Ben Gvir's 'inflammatory' Palestinian comments". BBC. 25 August 2023. Mr Ben Gvir leads the ultranationalist Otzma Yehudit
  8. ^ Raphael Ahren (18 February 2015). "The extremist who could bring Kahanism back to the Knesset". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Aaron Kelman (27 January 2013). "Arab town doesn't love anti-Arab party". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Right of right: Eli Yishai's new party mired in controversy". Ynetnews. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  11. ^ "Under deal, Kahanist party could receive spot on key panel that appoints judges". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d Sharon, Jeremy. "Understanding the ominous rise of Israel's most notorious ultra-nationalist". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  13. ^ a b Mraffko, Clothilde (18 April 2021). "En Israël, le camp suprémaciste juif de retour à la Knesset". Le Monde (in French).
  14. ^ a b Illouz, Eva (15 November 2022). "La troisième force politique en Israël représente ce que l'on est bien obligé d'appeler, à contrecœur, un "fascisme juif"". Le Monde (in French).
  15. ^ Liba, Dror (21 February 2019). "Otzma Yehudit's history of racism and provocation". Ynet.
  16. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (4 August 2022). "Understanding the ominous rise of Israel's most notorious ultra-nationalist". The Times of Israel.
  17. ^ Halbfinger, David M. (25 February 2019). "Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact With Racist Party". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "Israel Election: Meet the Extremist Lawmakers About to Join the Government". Haaretz. 3 November 2022.
  19. ^ Sharon, Jeremy (3 March 2019). "What do Otzma Yehudit and its leaders stand for?". The Jerusalem Post.
  20. ^ a b Solomon, Esther (10 September 2023). "When a Jewish Fascist Moves Into Your Neighborhood". Haaretz.
  21. ^ a b Zogby, James (23 March 2021). "Netanyahu Is Letting Israel's Fascists Enter by the Front Door". The Nation.
  22. ^ Davis, R., & Taras, D. (2022). "8. Benjamin Netanyahu and Online Campaigning in Israel's 2019 and 2020 Elections". Electoral Campaigns, Media, and the New World of Digital Politics. University of Michigan Press. pp. 163-178. doi:10.1353/book.100677. ISBN 9780472902699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
  24. ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "Over 235,000 votes thrown in trash". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  25. ^ Bachner, Michael; staff, T. O. I. "Union of Right-Wing Parties demands Education, Justice portfolios". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  26. ^ staff, T. O. I. "Extremist Otzma Yehudit demands top posts after leader banned from Knesset run". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  27. ^ staff, T. O. I. "Polls find extremist Otzma Yehudit edging toward Knesset threshold". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  28. ^ a b Magid, Jacob (31 December 2019). "Smotrich says he won't join Jewish Home-Otzma Yehudit merger "at any cost"". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  29. ^ a b "Bennett, Peretz, Smotrich agree to joint run without Ben Gvir". Israel National News. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  30. ^ Staff writer (24 March 2021). "Sa'ar slides, Gantz surprises, Ben Gvir celebrates: Exit poll winners and losers". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  31. ^ Michael Bachner; Staff writer (15 November 2022). "As 25th Knesset sworn in, president urges MKs to end 'addiction' to toxic discourse". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  32. ^ Levinson, Chaim (13 November 2012). "Far-right MKs Unite to Form New Party". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  33. ^ Magid, Jacob. "Extremist Otzma Yehudit announces unity pact with Jewish Home". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  34. ^ a b Harkov, Lahav (13 November 2012). "Eldad, Ben-Ari form new party: Strong Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  35. ^ "Knesset Members in the Sixteenth Knesset". Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  36. ^ "Arye Eldad to head new secular Right party". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  37. ^ "National Union - The Israel Democracy Institute". The Israel Democracy Institute. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  38. ^ a b "Knesset Member, Michael Ben Ari". Knesset. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Otzma Yehudit looks to attorney-turned radio host to lead party". Israel National News. 17 February 2019. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  40. ^ Anshel Pfeffer (2 December 2012). "On the religious right – unity and discord". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  41. ^ a b "Police raid offices of anti-assimilation group Lehava". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  42. ^ a b "Police Raid the Offices of Otzma Yehudit". Israel National News. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  43. ^ a b "Otzma Yehudit Activists Hope To Reach Um el-Fahm Mosque". Yeshiva World News. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  44. ^ "Inside radical right-wing group Lehava". Ynetnews. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  45. ^ "בקצב הראפ: נחשף ג'ינגל הבחירות של 'עוצמה לישראל' - סרוגים". Srugim (in Hebrew). 25 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  46. ^ "ג'ינגל לעוצמה לישראל: נאמנות בסגנון ראפ-גבעטרון - וואלה! חדשות". וואלה! חדשות (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  47. ^ a b "Otzma LeYisrael". Israel Democracy Institute (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  48. ^ Reich, Bernard; Goldberg, David H. (30 August 2016). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442271852. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  49. ^ "Who are the Kahanists of Otzma Netanyahu opened Knesset door to?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  50. ^ Halbfinger, David M. (24 February 2019). "Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact With Racist Party". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  51. ^ "Otzma Yehudit's Ben Ari tells Elections Committee he's not a racist". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Nationalist Party Otzma Yehudit Officially Unveils--Ex-MK Ben-Ari's Party Backs One-State, Calls to Save 'Wasted' Votes of Right Abstaining after Being Disenfranchised by Bennett". Israel National News. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017.
  53. ^ staff, T. O. I. "Extreme-right MK Ben Gvir visits Temple Mount: 'We demand full sovereignty'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  54. ^ a b c "Otzma Yehudit Says 'Yishai's Party Doesn't Want Us'". Israel National News. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  55. ^ Magid, Jacob. "Otzma Yehudit candidate: Critics have to go back 30 years in order to attack us". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  56. ^ "If elected, I will deport anyone who acts against the State of Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  57. ^ a b "Ben Gvir campaign to focus on new population groups, appealing to youth". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  58. ^ Israel, David (26 February 2019). "Otzma Yehudit Platform Radical on Jewish Values, Hazy on Practical Implementation". Jewish Press. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  59. ^ "Otzma calls to ease IDF rules of engagement: 'Soldiers' hands are tied'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  60. ^ "Before merger with Jewish Home, Otzma Yehudit had to disavow harming innocents". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  61. ^ "Israeli Parliament - An Analysis of the 2013 Election Results". Israel Democracy Institute (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  62. ^ "Nationalist Party Otzma Yehudit Officially Unveils Platform". Israel National News. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  63. ^ "Yishai's List Finalizes - With Marzel, But Not Ben-Ari". Israel National News. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  64. ^ "Final polls before elections give Herzog 4-point lead". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  65. ^ "Over 235,000 votes thrown in trash". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  66. ^ "Mass voting scandal | Shas Activists Caught on Tape Guiding Voter Fraud". Israel National News. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  67. ^ "Fictitious Party Meant to Harm Yachad, Rightist Coalition?". Israel National News. 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  68. ^ "Otzma Yehudit: 'We're Crushed but Not Despairing'". Israel National News. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  69. ^ "Far-right Otzma Yehudit Party to run in next election". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  70. ^ "Far-right group launches crowdfunding campaign with eye on Knesset". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  71. ^ "Utzma Yehudit crowdfunds its way to Knnest run [sic]". The Jerusalem Post. 17 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  72. ^ "Otzma Yehudit calls for unity in national religious camp". Israel National News. 30 December 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  73. ^ "Negotiations between National Union, Otzma Yehudit underway". Israel National News. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  74. ^ Magid, Jacob. "Fearing wasted votes, PM urges fringe parties on far-right to join forces". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  75. ^ "Smotrich: Likud should merge with Otzma Yehudit". Israel National News. 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  76. ^ "National Union, Otzma Yehudit negotiations end". Israel National News. 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  77. ^ "Otzma Yehudit preparing to run independently". Israel National News. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. Otzma will run in the upcoming elections with other parties
  78. ^ "Jewish Home approves joint run with Otzma Yehudit". Israel National News. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  79. ^ "Otzma Yehudit's Knesset representatives: Ben-Ari and Ben-Gvir". Israel National News. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  80. ^ "Supreme Court bans Otzma Yehudit candidate from Knesset". Israel National News. 17 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  81. ^ Lahav Harkov (17 March 2019). "Otzma on disqualification: Israel is not a democracy, it's a judicial junta". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  82. ^ Halbfinger, David M. (24 February 2019). "Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact With Racist Party". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  83. ^ @AIPAC (22 February 2019). "We agree with AJC. AIPAC has a longstanding policy not to meet with members of this racist and reprehensible party" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 October 2023 – via Twitter.
  84. ^ "Otzma Yehudit splits from United Right". Israel National News. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  85. ^ "Rapper 'Hatzel', Oren Hazan to run with Otzma Yehudit?". Israel National News. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  86. ^ "Moshe Feiglin, Itamar Ben-Gvir might merge to better parties' chances". The Jerusalem Post. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  87. ^ "Shaked Seeking to Unify Right Parties". Hamodia. 9 July 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  88. ^ Hezki Baruch (1 August 2019). "Otzma Yehudit and Noam cancel joint run". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  89. ^ "Likud Party joins Otzma Yehudit to petition court to disqualify Joint Arab List". Jewish News Syndicate. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  90. ^ Magid, Jacob (26 August 2019). "Supreme Court bans extreme-right Gopstein and Marzel from elections". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  91. ^ Idan Zonshine (26 August 2019). "Mounting pressure on smaller right-wing parties to drop out of elections". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  92. ^ Stuart Winer; Staff writer (27 August 2019). "Likud said pressuring far-right parties to drop out of election". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  93. ^ Raoul Wootliff (25 September 2019). "Elections Committee publishes final results, hands them to president". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  94. ^ Jacob Magid; Staff writer (20 December 2019). "Jewish Home party, far-right Otzma Yehudit reunite ahead of third elections". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  95. ^ Raoul Wootliff (5 March 2020). "Final results show Likud with 36 seats, Netanyahu bloc short of majority with 58". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  96. ^ "Far-right Otzma Yehudit party joins forces with radical Noam faction". Israel Hayom. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  97. ^ Hoffman, Gil (3 February 2021). "Israel elections: Netanyahu pushes Kahanist into Knesset". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  98. ^ "Head of far-right Otzma Yehudit party announces solo run in upcoming election". Israel Hayom. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  99. ^ "Smotrich, Ben-Gvir close to merger agreement". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  100. ^ "Beware Itamar Ben Gvir, rising far-right star with a destructive vision for Israel". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  101. ^ Carrie Keller-Lynn (14 September 2022). "National Unity, Religious Zionism and Yisrael Beytenu submit final candidate lists". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  102. ^ a b Keller-Lynn, Carrie (20 November 2022). "Separating from Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit and Noam now independent parties". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  103. ^ a b "Marzel invites Arabs to join Otzma Yehudit protest". Israel National News. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  104. ^ "Otzma Yehudit to march in Arab town". Israel National News. August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  105. ^ "Authorities name Nashat Melhem as Tel Aviv terrorist". Israel National News. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  106. ^ a b "Otzma Yehudit requests to hold march in the Arab city of Umm el-Fahm - Israel National News". Israel National News. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  107. ^ "Otzma Yehudit Requests A Permit To Protest In Umm el-Fahm - Yeshiva World News". Yeshiva World News. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  108. ^ "Otzma Yehudit activists distribute food to security forces - Israel National News". Israel National News. 21 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  109. ^ "The people expect vengeance". Israel National News. 23 July 2017. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  110. ^ "Lod City Hall Orders Cancelation Of Otzma Yehudit Party Function". Yeshiva World News. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  111. ^ "City of Lod versus Otzma Yehudit". Israel National News. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  112. ^ Hacohen, Hagay (25 September 2017). "Extreme-Right to Arabs in Israel: 'We can solve all your problems'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  113. ^ "Kahane billboards removed from Jerusalem hotels". Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  114. ^ "Bar Mitzvah hike turns into a nightmare". Israel National News. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  115. ^ "Settlers vow to return to Qusra after violent incident". Ynetnews. 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  116. ^ "Arabs stone right-wing activists in Samaria". Israel National News. 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  117. ^ "Right-wing activists invite infiltrators to leftists' homes - Inside Israel". Israel National News. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  118. ^ ""תקדים אלדד יניב" בשירות עצמה יהודית". ערוץ 7 (in Hebrew). 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  119. ^ "בזכות אלדד יניב; מרזל ובן גביר יפגינו באום אל פאחם - סרוגים". Srugim (in Hebrew). 9 April 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  120. ^ "Police block right-wing demonstrators". Israel National News. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  121. ^ "Far-right activists arrested en route to unauthorized anti-mosque protest". The Times of Israel. 10 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  122. ^ Birnbaum, Chelsea Mosery. "Far-right activists hang picture of Jaffa terrorist from Clock Tower". JerusalemOnline. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  123. ^ "Police to allow Otzma Yehudit to march in Umm al-Fahm". Israel National News. 6 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  124. ^ "Rightwing group permitted to hold demonstration in Arab town". WIN. 6 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  125. ^ "Right wing march in Israeli-Arab city ends without incident". Israel National News. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  126. ^ "Gantz blasts Netanyahu for making Ben Gvir 'the real PM' with expanded security role". The Times of Israel. 25 November 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  127. ^ Zonszein, Mairav (16 December 2012). "Far-right party's campaign ad banned for racism: Just the tip of the iceberg". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  128. ^ Ari Yashar (15 January 2014). "Jerusalem Councilman Urges Muslims: 'Leave Israel'". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  129. ^ Ari Yashar (1 November 2013). "'United Jerusalem' Party Joins Coalition". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  130. ^ "The winners and losers in the Jerusalem council election". Israel National News. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  131. ^ Nuki, Paul (5 November 2023). "Netanyahu suspends minister who says dropping nuclear bomb on Gaza is an option". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  132. ^ "Drones to document Arab rock throwers?". Israel National News. 14 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  133. ^ "VIDEO: Otzma Yehudit Party Purchasing Drones To Document Arab Attacks". Yeshiva World News. 14 January 2018. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  134. ^ "Right-wing party launches new project to catch Palestinian rioters". Ynetnews. 14 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  135. ^ "There are no excuses, arrest the Arab rioters immediately". Israel National News. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  136. ^ "No need for DNA to stop the rioters". Israel National News. 3 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  137. ^ "Knesset Member, Arieh Eldad". Knesset. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  138. ^ "Knesset Member, Itamar Ben-Gvir". www.knesset.gov.il. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otzma_LeYisrael