Opinion polling for the 1992 United Kingdom general election
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In the run up to the 1992 general election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in the United Kingdom. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the election to 8 April.
Almost every poll leading up to polling day predicted either a hung parliament with Labour the largest party, or a small Labour majority of around 19 to 23. Polls on the last few days before the country voted predicted a very slim Labour majority.[1] After the polls closed, the BBC and ITV exit polls still predicted that there would be a hung parliament and "that the Conservatives would only just get more seats than Labour".[2]
With opinion polls at the end of the campaign showing Labour and the Conservatives neck and neck, the actual election result, a small Conservative majority, was a surprise to many in the media and in polling organisations. The apparent failure of the opinion polls to come close to predicting the actual result led to an inquiry by the Market Research Society. Following the election, most opinion polling companies changed their methodology in the belief that a 'Shy Tory factor' affected the polling.
Graphical summary
Results
All data is from UK Polling Report.[3]
1992
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 Apr | 1992 general election[4] | 42.8% | 35.2% | 18.3% | 7.6% | |
8 Apr | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 42% | 17% | 3% |
8 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38.5% | 38% | 20% | 0.5% |
8 Apr | MORI | The Times | 38% | 39% | 20% | 1% |
7 Apr | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 38% | 20% | Tie |
7 Apr | Harris | ITN | 38% | 40% | 18% | 2% |
6 Apr | MORI | YTV | 37% | 40% | 20% | 3% |
4 Apr | Harris | Daily Express | 37% | 38% | 21% | 1% |
4 Apr | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 40% | 17% | 2% |
3 Apr | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 35% | 41% | 20% | 6% |
3 Apr | MORI | The Sunday Times | 37% | 39% | 21% | 2% |
3 Apr | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 37.5% | 37.5% | 21% | Tie |
3 Apr | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
3 Apr | ICM | Press Association | 36.2% | 38.7% | 20.4% | 2.5% |
1 Apr | ICM | Sunday Express | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
1 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38% | 37.5% | 20.5% | 0.5% |
31 Mar | NOP | The Independent | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
31 Mar | Neilsen | N/A | 39.8% | 39.6% | 17.2% | 0.2% |
31 Mar | Harris | ITN | 35% | 41% | 19% | 6% |
30 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 37% | 41% | 18% | 4% |
30 Mar | Harris | Daily Express | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
29 Mar | MORI | The Times | 35% | 42% | 19% | 7% |
28 Mar | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 39% | 19% | 2% |
28 Mar | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
27 Mar | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 37% | 41% | 18% | 4% |
27 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 40% | 20% | 2% |
27 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 38% | 17% | 2% |
25 Mar | ICM | Sunday Express | 36% | 38% | 20% | 2% |
25 Mar | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
24 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40% | 40.5% | 16.5% | 0.5% |
24 Mar | MORI | N/A | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
24 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 40% | 17% | 1% |
23 Mar | NMR | EUR | 38% | 39% | 19% | 1% |
23 Mar | Harris | Daily Express | 43% | 38% | 15% | 5% |
23 Mar | Harris | ITN | 38% | 42% | 16% | 4% |
21 Mar | MORI | The Times | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
21 Mar | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 38% | 40% | 16% | 2% |
20 Mar | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 39% | 41% | 15% | 2% |
20 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 41% | 19% | 3% |
20 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
18 Mar | ICM | Sunday Express | 37% | 42% | 16% | 5% |
18 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40.5% | 38.5% | 18% | 2% |
17 Mar | NOP | The Independent | 38% | 42% | 17% | 4% |
16 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 43% | 16% | 5% |
16 Mar | Harris | Daily Express | 41% | 38% | 17% | 3% |
13 Mar | MORI | The Times | 38% | 43% | 16% | 5% |
13 Mar | Harris | Daily Express | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
13 Mar | Harris | London Weekend Television | 37% | 41% | 17% | 4% |
13 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
13 Mar | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 40% | 41% | 14% | 1% |
12 Mar | ICM | Sunday Express | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
12 Mar | MORI | The Times | 38% | 41% | 16% | 3% |
12 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
11 Mar | Gallup | N/A | 41% | 38.5% | 15% | 2.5% |
10 Mar | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 41% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
7 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37% | 38% | 20% | 1% |
7 Mar | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 38% | 41% | 16% | 3% |
6 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 42% | 15% | 3% |
2 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
25 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38.5% | 38.5% | 18.5% | Tie |
25 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37% | 37.5% | 20% | 0.5% |
23 Feb | MORI | The Sunday Times | 39% | 40% | 18% | 1% |
22 Feb | Audience Selection | N/A | 36% | 38% | 18% | 2% |
18 Feb | ICM | Daily Mail | 38% | 41% | 17% | 3% |
17 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 39% | 37% | 19% | 2% |
14 Feb | NOP | The Independent | 38% | 42% | 15% | 4% |
13 Feb | ICM | Sunday Express | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
11 Feb | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
8 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40% | 37.5% | 17.5% | 2.5% |
7 Feb | ICM | The Guardian | 40% | 40% | 16% | Tie |
6 Feb | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 38% | 42% | 15% | 4% |
3 Feb | Harris | Daily Express | 39% | 40% | 17% | 1% |
28 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42.5% | 37.5% | 14% | 5% |
26 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38% | 39.5% | 17.5% | 1.5% |
25 Jan | Audience Selection | N/A | 40% | 40% | 15% | Tie |
23 Jan | ICM | Daily Mail | 41% | 40% | 13% | 1% |
21 Jan | Harris | Daily Express | 41% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
21 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40% | 38% | 16.5% | 2% |
17 Jan | MORI | The Sunday Times | 42% | 39% | 16% | 3% |
16 Jan | ICM | Sunday Express | 41% | 42% | 14% | 1% |
13 Jan | Harris | The Observer | 42% | 43% | 13% | 1% |
13 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42% | 37.5% | 16% | 4.5% |
11 Jan | NOP | The Independent | 40% | 43% | 13% | 3% |
8 Jan | ICM | The Guardian | 42% | 41% | 12% | 1% |
8 Jan | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 40% | 45% | 12% | 5% |
1991
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 Dec | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 44% | 14% | 6% |
15 Dec | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 42% | 41.5% | 13% | 0.5% |
13 Dec | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 41% | 40% | 14% | 1% |
7 Dec | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
5 Dec | MORI | The Times | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
2 Dec | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 39.5% | 37% | 19% | 2.5% |
2 Dec | Audience Selection | N/A | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
25 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 40% | 42% | 15% | 2% |
25 Nov | NOP | The Independent | 40% | 41% | 15% | 1% |
23 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 41% | 43% | 13% | 2% |
23 Nov | ICM | Daily Mail | 39% | 41% | 16% | 2% |
14 Nov | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 44% | 13% | 5% |
9 Nov | ICM | The Guardian | 41% | 43% | 13% | 2% |
7 Nov | Hemsworth, Kincardine and Deeside and Langbaurgh by-elections | |||||
4 Nov | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36% | 44% | 15.5% | 8% |
1 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 42% | 41% | 13% | 1% |
28 Oct | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 42% | 16% | 5% |
27 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
26 Oct | ICM | Daily Mail | 40% | 42% | 13% | 2% |
21 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
21 Oct | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 45% | 12% | 6% |
17 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 46% | 12% | 7% |
12 Oct | ICM | The Guardian | 41% | 43% | 12% | 2% |
5 Oct | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 39% | 46% | 13% | 7% |
4 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 39.5% | 41.5% | 15% | 2% |
3 Oct | ICM | Press Association | 40% | 42% | 13% | 2% |
30 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42% | 38% | 15% | 4% |
30 Sep | Audience Selection | N/A | 41% | 37% | 14% | 4% |
28 Sep | ICM | Daily Mail | 40% | 42% | 14% | 2% |
26 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 41% | 13% | 1% |
26 Sep | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 40% | 39% | 16% | 1% |
24 Sep | MORI | The Sunday Times | 39% | 39% | 17% | Tie |
23 Sep | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 40% | 38.5% | 16% | 1.5% |
23 Sep | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
20 Sep | MORI | N/A | 39% | 43% | 14% | 4% |
14 Sep | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 39% | 17% | Tie |
13 Sep | ICM | Sunday Express | 41% | 37% | 17% | 4% |
12 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 43% | 38% | 16% | 5% |
7 Sep | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 41% | 39% | 15% | 2% |
2 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 39.5% | 35% | 19.5% | 4.5% |
27 Aug | MORI | The Sunday Times | 42% | 40% | 14% | 2% |
24 Aug | ICM | Daily Mail | 40% | 43% | 12% | 3% |
19 Aug | NOP | The Independent | 38% | 44% | 12% | 6% |
15 Aug | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 41% | 14% | 1% |
10 Aug | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 45% | 16% | 9% |
5 Aug | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36% | 41% | 16.5% | 5% |
1 Aug | Audience Selection | N/A | 39% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
29 Jul | Audience Selection | N/A | 35% | 43% | 15% | 8% |
24 Jul | ICM | Daily Express | 38% | 44% | 13% | 6% |
22 Jul | MORI | N/A | 38% | 43% | 15% | 5% |
20 Jul | ICM | Daily Mail | 37% | 44% | 16% | 7% |
18 Jul | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 42% | 14% | 3% |
15 Jul | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 43% | 13% | 4% |
6 Jul | ICM | The Guardian | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
4 Jul | Liverpool Walton by-election | |||||
1 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37% | 40.5% | 17% | 3.5% |
27 Jun | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 41% | 42% | 13% | 1% |
24 Jun | MORI | N/A | 39% | 41% | 15% | 2% |
21 Jun | ICM | Daily Mail | 35% | 44% | 17% | 9% |
21 Jun | MORI | Sunday Express | 39% | 38% | 17% | 1% |
17 Jun | NOP | The Independent | 37% | 45% | 14% | 8% |
13 Jun | Harris | The Observer | 35% | 45% | 16% | 10% |
8 Jun | ICM | The Guardian | 34% | 44% | 17% | 10% |
3 Jun | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 33.5% | 41.5% | 21% | 8% |
2 Jun | Harris | TV-AM | 36% | 43% | 15% | 7% |
1 Jun | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
1 Jun | Audience Selection | N/A | 41% | 42% | 13% | 1% |
28 May | MORI | The Sunday Times | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
25 May | ICM | Daily Mail | 37% | 41% | 16% | 4% |
20 May | NOP | The Independent | 36% | 44% | 15% | 8% |
18 May | Audience Selection | N/A | 39% | 39% | 19% | Tie |
16 May | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 42% | 16% | 4% |
16 May | Monmouth by-election | |||||
11 May | ICM | The Guardian | 37% | 43% | 16% | 6% |
6 May | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38.5% | 38% | 18% | 0.5% |
2 May | 1991 local elections[5] | |||||
29 Apr | Audience Selection | N/A | 43% | 38% | 14% | 5% |
27 Apr | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 47% | 37% | 14% | 10% |
27 Apr | ICM | Daily Mail | 39% | 41% | 14% | 2% |
26 Apr | Harris | Sunday Express | 41% | 41% | 14% | Tie |
26 Apr | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 42% | 39% | 14% | 3% |
22 Apr | MORI | The Sunday Times | 42% | 40% | 15% | 2% |
22 Apr | NOP | The Independent | 41% | 41% | 13% | Tie |
18 Apr | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 40% | 14% | Tie |
6 Apr | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 43% | 13% | 4% |
4 Apr | Neath by-election | |||||
3 Apr | ICM | Daily Express | 38% | 40% | 19% | 2% |
30 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 39.5% | 34.5% | 18% | 5% |
25 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 40% | 40% | 16% | Tie |
24 Mar | ICM | Daily Mail | 41% | 40% | 15% | 1% |
22 Mar | MORI | Sunday Express | 38% | 44% | 15% | 6% |
21 Mar | ICM | Daily Express | 37% | 40% | 14% | 3% |
14 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 40% | 39% | 17% | 1% |
12 Mar | Audience Selection | N/A | 44% | 32% | 19% | 12% |
11 Mar | NOP | The Independent | 38% | 39% | 18% | 1% |
9 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 40% | 16% | 1% |
8 Mar | MORI | Sunday Express | 41% | 37% | 16% | 4% |
7 Mar | Ribble Valley by-election | |||||
5 Mar | NOP | N/A | 43% | 38% | 11% | 5% |
4 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 39% | 9% | 8% |
1 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45% | 36.5% | 13% | 8.5% |
25 Feb | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 41% | 11% | 3% |
23 Feb | ICM | Daily Mail | 44% | 43% | 9% | 1% |
16 Feb | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 47% | 40% | 8% | 7% |
14 Feb | Harris | The Observer | 46% | 42% | 8% | 4% |
13 Feb | NOP | The Independent | 45% | 42% | 9% | 3% |
9 Feb | ICM | The Guardian | 44% | 42% | 9% | 2% |
4 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42% | 42.5% | 10% | 0.5% |
4 Feb | Audience Selection | N/A | 46% | 39% | 8% | 7% |
3 Feb | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 39% | 9% | 8% |
28 Jan | Audience Selection | N/A | 51% | 34% | 8% | 17% |
21 Jan | MORI | The Sunday Times | 46% | 41% | 9% | 5% |
17 Jan | Harris | The Observer | 46% | 41% | 9% | 5% |
14 Jan | NOP | The Independent | 43% | 44% | 8% | 1% |
12 Jan | ICM | The Guardian | 43% | 43% | 10% | Tie |
11 Jan | Harris | ITN | 47% | 41% | 7% | 6% |
10 Jan | MORI | The Times | 44% | 42% | 11% | 2% |
7 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 43% | 41.5% | 10% | 1.5% |
6 Jan | Audience Selection | N/A | 39% | 43% | 11% | 4% |
1990
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | SDP | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Dec | MORI | The Sunday Times | 41% | 45% | 9% | – | 4% |
13 Dec | Harris | The Observer | 44% | 40% | 10% | – | 4% |
10 Dec | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 43% | 40.5% | 10.5% | – | 2.5% |
10 Dec | NOP | The Independent | 47% | 42% | 7% | – | 5% |
8 Dec | ICM | The Guardian | 45% | 43% | 9% | – | 2% |
3 Dec | Audience Selection | N/A | 49% | 36% | 9% | – | 13% |
1 Dec | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 48% | 40% | 8% | – | 8% |
29 Nov | Paisley North & Paisley South by-elections | ||||||
28 Nov | Harris | ITN | 49% | 38% | 9% | – | 11% |
27 Nov | John Major is elected leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister[6] | ||||||
26 Nov | Audience Selection | N/A | 44% | 37% | 12% | – | 7% |
26 Nov | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 44% | 41% | 10% | – | 3% |
26 Nov | NOP | The Independent | 49% | 38% | 9% | – | 11% |
23 Nov | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 43% | 41.5% | 11% | – | 1.5% |
23 Nov | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 46% | 40% | 10% | – | 6% |
22 Nov | Margaret Thatcher resigns as Prime Minister[7] | ||||||
19 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 46% | 12% | – | 8% |
19 Nov | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36% | 44.5% | 10.5% | – | 8.5% |
19 Nov | NOP | The Independent | 40% | 45% | 11% | – | 5% |
18 Nov | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 35% | 48% | 11% | – | 13% |
17 Nov | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 42% | 44% | 11% | – | 2% |
16 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 37% | 48% | 11% | – | 11% |
16 Nov | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 37% | 49% | 9% | – | 12% |
15 Nov | Harris | ITN | 34% | 49% | 13% | – | 15% |
15 Nov | Harris | The Observer | 34% | 49% | 13% | – | 15% |
15 Nov | MORI | The Times | 41% | 45% | 10% | – | 4% |
14 Nov | NOP | The Independent | 32% | 46% | 15% | – | 14% |
10 Nov | ICM | The Guardian | 33% | 49% | 13% | – | 16% |
8 Nov | Bootle & Bradford North by-elections | ||||||
3 Nov | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 32% | 49% | 13% | – | 17% |
3 Nov | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 30% | 51% | 12% | – | 21% |
29 Oct | Audience Selection | N/A | 36% | 40% | 13% | – | 4% |
29 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 15.5% | – | 14.5% |
28 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 32% | 48% | 14% | – | 16% |
27 Oct | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 34% | 44% | 14% | – | 10% |
22 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 33% | 49% | 14% | – | 16% |
22 Oct | NOP | The Independent | 35% | 45% | 15% | – | 10% |
18 Oct | Eastbourne by-election | ||||||
13 Oct | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 49% | 9% | – | 13% |
1 Oct | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 14% | – | 14.5% |
29 Sep | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 33% | 52% | 10% | – | 19% |
27 Sep | Knowsley South by-election | ||||||
24 Sep | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 45% | 12% | – | 7% |
24 Sep | NOP | The Independent | 39% | 44% | 12% | – | 5% |
22 Sep | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 35% | 44% | 12% | – | 9% |
20 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
8 Sep | ICM | The Guardian | 37% | 50% | 8% | – | 13% |
8 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 31.5% | 46% | 14% | – | 14.5% |
3 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 35.5% | 48% | 8.5% | – | 12.5% |
3 Sep | Audience Selection | N/A | 38% | 45% | 6% | – | 7% |
1 Sep | Audience Selection | N/A | 32% | 45% | 15% | – | 13% |
25 Aug | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 37% | 51% | 6% | – | 14% |
23 Aug | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
20 Aug | MORI | The Sunday Times | 35% | 50% | 10% | – | 15% |
13 Aug | NOP | The Independent | 36% | 48% | 7% | – | 12% |
11 Aug | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 49% | 9% | – | 11% |
30 Jul | Audience Selection | N/A | 35% | 46% | 9% | – | 11% |
30 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 33.5% | 48% | 11.5% | – | 14.5% |
23 Jul | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 46% | 10% | – | 8% |
21 Jul | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 52% | 7% | – | 16% |
19 Jul | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 49% | 7% | – | 12% |
16 Jul | NOP | The Independent | 37% | 50% | 7% | – | 13% |
7 Jul | ICM | The Guardian | 35% | 51% | 8% | – | 16% |
2 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36% | 47% | 9% | – | 11% |
2 Jul | Audience Selection | N/A | 39% | 44% | 7% | – | 5% |
23 Jun | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 53% | 5% | – | 17% |
21 Jun | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 48% | 8% | – | 11% |
18 Jun | NOP | The Independent | 37% | 48% | 8% | – | 11% |
18 Jun | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 49% | 8% | – | 11% |
9 Jun | ICM | The Guardian | 35% | 54% | 5% | – | 19% |
8 Jun | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 36% | 49% | 9% | – | 13% |
4 Jun | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 29.5% | 53% | 7.5% | 2.5% | 23.5% |
28 May | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 47% | 5% | 3% | 10% |
26 May | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 36% | 50% | 5% | 1% | 14% |
24 May | Harris | The Observer | 32% | 50% | 9% | 1% | 18% |
24 May | Bootle by-election | ||||||
21 May | NOP | The Independent | 34% | 49% | 8% | 2% | 15% |
21 May | MORI | The Sunday Times | 35% | 48% | 8% | 4% | 13% |
17 May | Upper Bann by-election | ||||||
12 May | ICM | The Guardian | 32% | 50% | 8% | 4% | 18% |
4 May | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 34% | 47% | 8% | 3% | 13% |
3 May | 1990 local elections[8] | ||||||
30 Apr | Audience Selection | N/A | 32% | 49% | 6% | 4% | 17% |
30 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 32% | 47% | 7.5% | 4% | 15% |
28 Apr | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 31% | 51% | 7% | 3% | 20% |
28 Apr | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 30% | 53% | 8% | 2% | 23% |
24 Apr | MORI | The Sunday Times | 31% | 54% | 6% | 3% | 23% |
22 Apr | NOP | The Independent | 29% | 54% | 7% | 3% | 25% |
19 Apr | Harris | The Observer | 32% | 54% | 7% | 1% | 22% |
7 Apr | NMR | The Independent on Sunday | 30% | 54% | 5% | 4% | 24% |
7 Apr | ICM | The Guardian | 32% | 56% | 4% | 2% | 24% |
6 Apr | ICM | N/A | 32% | 54% | 5% | 2% | 22% |
2 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 28% | 52.5% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 24.5% |
26 Mar | Audience Selection | N/A | 30% | 51% | 6% | 3% | 21% |
24 Mar | NOP | The Independent on Sunday | 33% | 52% | 6% | 3% | 19% |
23 Mar | ICM | N/A | 28% | 55% | 7% | 2% | 27% |
22 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 29% | 57% | 6% | 3% | 28% |
22 Mar | Mid Staffordshire by-election | ||||||
20 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 31% | 54% | 6% | 2% | 23% |
12 Mar | NOP | The Independent | 33% | 51% | 6% | 3% | 18% |
10 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 31% | 52% | 5% | 4% | 21% |
26 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 31% | 49.5% | 7% | 3.5% | 18.5% |
26 Feb | Audience Selection | N/A | 34% | 46% | 7% | 3% | 12% |
24 Feb | ICM | N/A | 33% | 52% | 6% | 3% | 19% |
22 Feb | Harris | The Observer | 36% | 48% | 8% | 2% | 12% |
19 Feb | MORI | The Sunday Times | 34% | 51% | 5% | 4% | 17% |
12 Feb | NOP | The Independent | 36% | 48% | 6% | 3% | 12% |
10 Feb | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 51% | 5% | 3% | 15% |
29 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 32.5% | 48% | 8% | 3% | 15.5% |
29 Jan | Audience Selection | N/A | 38% | 47% | 5% | 4% | 9% |
27 Jan | ICM | N/A | 37% | 48% | 4% | 3% | 11% |
25 Jan | Harris | The Observer | 36% | 49% | 6% | 2% | 13% |
22 Jan | MORI | The Sunday Times | 36% | 48% | 5% | 3% | 12% |
18 Jan | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 48% | 6% | 3% | 11% |
15 Jan | NOP | The Independent | 40% | 44% | 7% | – | 4% |
13 Jan | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 47% | 5% | 3% | 9% |
8 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 35% | 45.5% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 10.5% |
1989
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | Lib Dem | SDP | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Dec | MORI | The Sunday Times | 39% | 46% | 6% | 3% | 7% |
18 Dec | Audience Selection | N/A | 40% | 42% | 6% | 4% | 2% |
17 Dec | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 49% | 4% | 3% | 11% |
14 Dec | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 46% | 6% | 1% | 7% |
8 Dec | ICM | The Guardian | 37% | 49% | 4% | 3% | 12% |
4 Dec | NOP | N/A | 38% | 45% | 7% | – | 7% |
4 Dec | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37.5% | 43.5% | 9% | 3% | 6% |
27 Nov | MORI | N/A | 42% | 46% | 5% | 3% | 4% |
27 Nov | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 44% | 4% | 3% | 7% |
26 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 37% | 51% | 4% | 3% | 14% |
25 Nov | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 48% | 3% | 4% | 10% |
23 Nov | Harris | The Observer | 36% | 47% | 9% | 1% | 11% |
13 Nov | NOP | N/A | 34% | 46% | 9% | – | 12% |
11 Nov | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 49% | 6% | 3% | 13% |
31 Oct | Harris | BBC | 37% | 50% | 6% | 2% | 13% |
30 Oct | Audience Selection | N/A | 33% | 50% | 4% | 2% | 17% |
30 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 35% | 44% | 8% | 2.5% | 9% |
29 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 39% | 46% | 0% | – | 7% |
28 Oct | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 41% | 47% | 6% | – | 6% |
23 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 48% | 5% | 3% | 10% |
21 Oct | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 35% | 50% | 4% | 3% | 15% |
19 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 48% | 6% | 1% | 10% |
9 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 38% | 47.5% | 4.5% | 2.5% | 9.5% |
7 Oct | ICM | The Guardian | 39% | 49% | 4% | 2% | 10% |
5 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 49% | 5% | 2% | 11% |
4 Oct | NOP | Evening Standard | 37% | 46% | 5% | – | 9% |
3 Oct | ICM | Press Association | 37% | 45% | 4% | 3% | 8% |
3 Oct | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 39% | 6% | 3% | 2% |
2 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 35% | 41.5% | 8.5% | 5% | 6.5% |
28 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 38% | 45% | 5% | 3% | 7% |
26 Sep | MORI | The Sunday Times | 38% | 43% | 6% | 3% | 5% |
25 Sep | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 36.5% | 42% | 7.5% | 2% | 5.5% |
25 Sep | NOP | The Mail on Sunday | 34% | 46% | 7% | – | 12% |
23 Sep | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 39% | 45% | 4% | 2% | 6% |
20 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 39% | 42% | 6% | 3% | 3% |
14 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 45% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
9 Sep | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 46% | 7% | 4% | 10% |
4 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36.5% | 43% | 6.5% | 3% | 6.5% |
4 Sep | NOP | The Independent | 38% | 40% | 8% | 2% | 4% |
28 Aug | Audience Selection | N/A | 37% | 42% | 5% | 4% | 5% |
26 Aug | ICM | The Sunday Correspondent | 38% | 46% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
24 Aug | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 45% | 7% | 2% | 8% |
21 Aug | NOP | N/A | 40% | 41% | 7% | 1% | 1% |
21 Aug | MORI | The Sunday Times | 40% | 45% | 4% | 3% | 5% |
12 Aug | ICM | The Guardian | 36% | 44% | 6% | 3% | 8% |
31 Jul | Audience Selection | N/A | 38% | 41% | 4% | 5% | 3% |
26 Jul | MORI | The Sunday Times | 36% | 45% | 4% | 4% | 9% |
20 Jul | Harris | The Observer | 37% | 44% | 6% | 3% | 7% |
10 Jul | NOP | N/A | 36% | 42% | 7% | 2% | 6% |
8 Jul | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 42% | 5% | 4% | 4% |
7 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 34% | 44.5% | 5.5% | 4.5% | 10.5% |
3 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 34% | 47% | 6% | 3.5% | 13% |
3 Jul | Audience Selection | N/A | 35% | 43% | 4% | 3% | 8% |
27 Jun | MORI | The Sunday Times | 37% | 47% | 4% | 3% | 10% |
22 Jun | Harris | The Observer | 34% | 48% | 6% | 2% | 14% |
15 Jun | Glasgow Central & Vauxhall by-elections | ||||||
15 Jun | 1989 European Parliament election[9] | ||||||
12 Jun | NOP | N/A | 40% | 42% | 8% | 4% | 2% |
10 Jun | ICM | The Guardian | 38% | 42% | 8% | 4% | 4% |
10 Jun | MORI | The Times | 39% | 44% | 7% | 4% | 5% |
5 Jun | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 36.5% | 43.5% | 8% | 3% | 7% |
29 May | Audience Selection | N/A | 41% | 45% | 6% | 4% | 4% |
23 May | Harris | The Observer | 46% | 41% | 7% | 2% | 5% |
22 May | NOP | N/A | 42% | 41% | 8% | 3% | 1% |
22 May | MORI | The Sunday Times | 41% | 43% | 7% | 4% | 2% |
17 May | 1989 Northern Ireland local elections | ||||||
13 May | ICM | The Guardian | 43% | 43% | 8% | 3% | Tie |
4 May | Vale of Glamorgan by-election[10] | ||||||
4 May | 1989 local elections[11] | ||||||
1 May | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40.5% | 37.5% | 10% | 7% | 3% |
30 Apr | Audience Selection | N/A | 42% | 38% | 7% | 9% | 4% |
24 Apr | NOP | N/A | 43% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 6% |
24 Apr | MORI | The Sunday Times | 41% | 41% | 9% | 6% | Tie |
20 Apr | Harris | The Observer | 42% | 39% | 11% | 4% | 3% |
8 Apr | ICM | The Guardian | 44% | 40% | 7% | 6% | 4% |
3 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37.5% | 40% | 10% | 8% | 2.5% |
27 Mar | MORI | The Times | 43% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 4% |
23 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 41% | 41% | 9% | 3% | Tie |
20 Mar | NOP | N/A | 42% | 37% | 0% | – | 5% |
19 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 41% | 40% | 9% | 6% | 1% |
19 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 40% | 6% | 6% | 4% |
13 Mar | ICM | The Guardian | 41% | 39% | 8% | 7% | 2% |
5 Mar | MORI | BBC | 41% | 37% | 9% | 4% | 4% |
28 Feb | MORI | N/A | 42% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 1% |
28 Feb | MORI | The Sunday Times | 42% | 39% | 9% | 7% | 3% |
27 Feb | Audience Selection | N/A | 44% | 35% | 7% | 11% | 9% |
27 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 37.5% | 37.5% | 11.5% | 8.5% | Tie |
23 Feb | Harris | The Observer | 41% | 42% | 10% | 3% | 1% |
23 Feb | Pontypridd & Richmond by-elections | ||||||
20 Feb | NOP | N/A | 41% | 37% | 11% | 4% | 4% |
20 Feb | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 39% | 39% | 11% | 5% | Tie |
13 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40.5% | 39% | 11.5% | 4.5% | 1.5% |
11 Feb | ICM | The Guardian | 42% | 39% | 7% | 7% | 3% |
30 Jan | MORI | The Sunday Times | 47% | 36% | 8% | 5% | 11% |
30 Jan | Audience Selection | N/A | 44% | 39% | 8% | 5% | 5% |
29 Jan | Harris | BBC | 50% | 37% | 6% | – | 13% |
23 Jan | NOP | N/A | 46% | 34% | 10% | 3% | 12% |
19 Jan | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 37% | 10% | 4% | 10% |
16 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42.5% | 34% | 14% | 5.5% | 8.5% |
16 Jan | ICM | The Guardian | 44% | 40% | 8% | 4% | 4% |
15 Jan | Harris/Channel 4 | N/A | 44% | 41% | 10% | – | 3% |
1988
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | SLD | SDP | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31 Dec | Audience Selection | N/A | 45% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 8% |
29 Dec | MORI | The Sunday Times | 46% | 36% | 6% | 7% | 10% |
15 Dec | Epping Forest by-election | ||||||
12 Dec | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 43% | 32% | 13% | 6.5% | 11% |
6 Dec | Marplan | The Guardian | 45% | 39% | 8% | 4% | 6% |
2 Dec | NOP | N/A | 41% | 36% | 11% | 4% | 5% |
30 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 45% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 8% |
30 Nov | MORI | N/A | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% |
28 Nov | Audience Selection | N/A | 40% | 39% | 9% | 6% | 1% |
24 Nov | Harris | The Observer | 44% | 39% | 9% | 3% | 5% |
14 Nov | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42.5% | 36% | 12.5% | 4.5% | 6.5% |
10 Nov | Glasgow Govan by-election | ||||||
7 Nov | NOP | N/A | 45% | 36% | 10% | 4% | 9% |
7 Nov | Marplan | The Guardian | 42% | 42% | 8% | 5% | Tie |
31 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% |
31 Oct | Audience Selection | N/A | 46% | 35% | 7% | 6% | 11% |
24 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45.5% | 34% | 12.5% | 5% | 11.5% |
20 Oct | Harris | The Observer | 49% | 40% | 7% | 2% | 9% |
12 Oct | NOP | N/A | 46% | 36% | 9% | 4% | 10% |
11 Oct | Marplan | N/A | 45% | 40% | 8% | 2% | 5% |
11 Oct | Marplan | The Guardian | 44% | 40% | 7% | 5% | 4% |
10 Oct | MORI | N/A | 46% | 39% | 8% | 4% | 7% |
29 Sep | Harris | TV-AM | 48% | 36% | 11% | 2% | 12% |
26 Sep | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 39% | 8% | 6% | 5% |
22 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 38% | 8% | 5% | 9% |
14 Sep | Marplan | The Guardian | 44% | 42% | 9% | 3% | 2% |
14 Sep | NOP | N/A | 46% | 38% | 8% | 3% | 8% |
12 Sep | Audience Selection | N/A | 42% | 40% | 8% | 6% | 2% |
12 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 43% | 36.5% | 12.5% | 5% | 6.5% |
22 Aug | MORI | The Sunday Times | 50% | 36% | 8% | 4% | 14% |
15 Aug | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45.5% | 33.5% | 10.5% | 6.5% | 12.5% |
9 Aug | Marplan | The Guardian | 45% | 41% | 7% | 4% | 4% |
29 Jul | Paddy Ashdown is elected leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats[12][13] | ||||||
25 Jul | NOP | N/A | 46% | 36% | 10% | 4% | 10% |
25 Jul | MORI | The Sunday Times | 46% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 5% |
21 Jul | Harris | The Observer | 46% | 41% | 9% | 3% | 5% |
18 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 41.5% | 39% | 9% | 7% | 2.5% |
14 Jul | Kensington by-election | ||||||
12 Jul | Marplan | The Guardian | 45% | 43% | 6% | 4% | 2% |
11 Jul | MORI | N/A | 48% | 38% | 7% | 5% | 10% |
3 Jul | Harris | TV-AM | 47% | 38% | 9% | 3% | 9% |
28 Jun | MORI | The Sunday Times | 48% | 38% | 7% | 5% | 10% |
28 Jun | Audience Selection | N/A | 45% | 38% | 8% | 5% | 7% |
27 Jun | NOP | N/A | 49% | 34% | 10% | 4% | 15% |
23 Jun | Harris | The Observer | 48% | 36% | 9% | 3% | 12% |
13 Jun | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42% | 43% | 7% | 4% | 1% |
11 Jun | MORI | N/A | 47% | 40% | 7% | 4% | 7% |
7 Jun | Marplan | The Guardian | 47% | 42% | 5% | 3% | 5% |
4 Jun | Harris | TV-AM | 43% | 40% | 12% | 2% | 3% |
1 Jun | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 40% | 7% | 6% | 4% |
29 May | Audience Selection | N/A | 40% | 43% | 6% | 8% | 3% |
23 May | NOP | N/A | 47% | 37% | 8% | 4% | 10% |
19 May | Harris | The Observer | 44% | 41% | 10% | 2% | 3% |
16 May | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45% | 36% | 8.5% | 6% | 9% |
10 May | Marplan | The Guardian | 44% | 42% | 7% | 4% | 1% |
5 May | 1988 local elections[14] | ||||||
2 May | Harris | TV-AM | 43% | 38% | 11% | – | 5% |
26 Apr | MORI | The Sunday Times | 44% | 42% | 6% | 5% | 1% |
21 Apr | Harris | The Observer | 44% | 39% | 10% | 5% | 5% |
18 Apr | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 40.5% | 41.5% | 11% | 4% | 1% |
12 Apr | Marplan | The Guardian | 43% | 42% | 8% | 5% | 1% |
11 Apr | NOP | N/A | 45% | 36% | 15% | – | 9% |
28 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 46% | 37% | 8% | 6% | 9% |
24 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 46% | 39% | 11% | 1% | 7% |
21 Mar | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 42% | 36.5% | 13% | 6.5% | 5.5% |
20 Mar | MORI | N/A | 46% | 39% | 6% | 7% | 7% |
13 Mar | Audience Selection | N/A | 45% | 40% | 11% | – | 5% |
8 Mar | Marplan | The Guardian | 43% | 42% | 14% | – | 1% |
3 Mar | The Liberal Party and the SDP merge to form the Social and Liberal Democrats[15] | ||||||
3 Mar | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 36% | 12% | 2% | 11% |
1 Mar | MORI | The Sunday Times | 46% | 38% | 14% | – | 8% |
29 Feb | Harris | N/A | 44% | 43% | 12% | – | 1% |
15 Feb | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 46% | 36% | 15% | – | 10% |
14 Feb | Audience Selection | N/A | 45% | 41% | 11% | – | 4% |
9 Feb | Marplan | The Guardian | 45% | 41% | 8% | 4% | 4% |
8 Feb | NOP | N/A | 45% | 37% | 14% | – | 8% |
26 Jan | MORI | The Sunday Times | 50% | 36% | 12% | – | 14% |
18 Jan | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45.5% | 37% | 15% | – | 7.5% |
11 Jan | NOP | N/A | 47% | 35% | 16% | – | 12% |
11 Jan | Marplan | The Guardian | 42% | 40% | 17% | – | 2% |
1987
Survey end date |
Pollster | Client | Con | Lab | All | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 Dec | MORI | The Sunday Times | 48% | 36% | 15% | 12% |
14 Dec | NOP | N/A | 47% | 35% | 15% | 12% |
8 Dec | Marplan | The Guardian | 47% | 37% | 13% | 10% |
7 Dec | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 46.5% | 34.5% | 16% | 12% |
30 Nov | NOP | N/A | 49% | 34% | 15% | 15% |
25 Nov | MORI | The Sunday Times | 50% | 38% | 11% | 12% |
16 Nov | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 46.5% | 33% | 17% | 13.5% |
3 Nov | NOP | N/A | 45% | 36% | 15% | 9% |
26 Oct | MORI | The Sunday Times | 47% | 37% | 14% | 10% |
19 Oct | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 52% | 31.5% | 13.5% | 20.5% |
19 Oct | MORI | N/A | 50% | 34% | 14% | 16% |
13 Oct | Marplan | The Guardian | 45% | 39% | 13% | 6% |
30 Sep | MORI | The Sunday Times | 49% | 36% | 12% | 13% |
28 Sep | NOP | N/A | 50% | 34% | 13% | 16% |
21 Sep | Gallup | The Sunday Telegraph | 48% | 35.5% | 14% | 12.5% |
20 Sep | Harris | The Observer | 47% | 35% | 16% | 12% |
7 Sep | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 44% | 33% | 20% | 11% |
3 Sep | NOP | N/A | 49% | 33% | 16% | 16% |
26 Aug | MORI | The Sunday Times | 48% | 36% | 14% | 12% |
24 Aug | NOP | N/A | 48% | 33% | 17% | 15% |
17 Aug | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 45.5% | 35.5% | 17.5% | 10% |
28 Jul | MORI | The Sunday Times | 49% | 33% | 17% | 16% |
16 Jul | Harris | The Observer | 48% | 33% | 17% | 15% |
13 Jul | Gallup | The Daily Telegraph | 44.5% | 33% | 20.5% | 11.5% |
2 Jul | Harris | TV-AM | 42% | 36% | 20% | 6% |
1 Jul | MORI | The Sunday Times | 49% | 31% | 17% | 18% |
29 Jun | NOP | N/A | 42% | 33% | 23% | 9% |
11 Jun | 1987 general election | 43.3% | 31.5% | 23.1% | 11.8% |
References
- ^ Heath, Anthony; Jowell, Roger; Curtice, John (29 May 1994). "How did Labour lose in '92?: The most authoritative study of the last general election is published tomorrow. Here, its authors present their conclusions and explode the myths about the greatest upset since 1945". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Firth, David. "Exit polling explained". University of Warwick, Statistics Department.
- ^ "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "General Election Results, 1992" (PDF).
- ^ Timmins, Nicholas; Wolmar, Christian (3 May 1991). "Tory council losses rule out June election". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ White, Michael (28 November 1990). "Major: we unite to win". The Guardian. p. 1.
- ^ "Margaret Thatcher resigns".
- ^ Timmins, Nicholas; Wolmar, Christian (4 May 1990). "Labour Sweeps to local poll gains". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ Bevins, Anthony; Hughes, Colin (19 June 1989). "Labour triumphs in European poll". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ Brown, Colin; Hughes, Colin (6 May 1989). "Labour Victory sends warning to Thatcher". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ Travis, Alan (5 May 1989). "Polls boost Labour's prospects". The Guardian. p. 1.
- ^ Naughtie, James (29 July 2013). "From the archive, 29 July 1988: Paddy Ashdown elected leader of the Social and Liberal Democrats". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
- ^ Bevins, Anthony (29 July 1988). "Victorious Ashdown seeks to replace Labour". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ Hughes, Colin (6 May 1988). "Labour makes strong gains in local elections". The Independent. p. 1.
- ^ Bevins, Anthony (3 March 1988). "Steel dismisses Owen 'splinter'". The Guardian. p. 6.