Operophtera fagata
| Operophtera fagata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | Operophtera |
| Species: | O. fagata |
| Binomial name | |
| Operophtera fagata (Scharfenberg, 1805) | |
Operophtera fagata, the northern winter moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is widespread through much of Europe.
Geographic distribution
This species’ range extends through central and northern Europe to southeast Russia. It is widespread in the UK and Northern Ireland.
Habitat
In Europe, this species prefers common beech woodland, but will also use birch.[1] The larvae feed on apple (Malus), plum, cherry (Prunus), birch (Betula), lime (Tilia), beech (Fagus).[2]
Morphology
Egg
The oval egg is blunt at the micropyle end and has a strongly reticulated surface. It is pale green at first, becoming pale orange.[3]
Caterpillar
The larva is initially greenish black with white lines along the body and black or dark brown head. It gradually becomes more yellowish green.[4]
Pupa
The pupa is yellowish brown and larger than in O. brumata. The cremaster comprises a short, stout shaft with long divergent spikes.[3]
Adult
The adult male measures up to 33 mm in body length. The forewings are silvery greyish brown with dark brown crossbands. The hindwing is yellowish white. The head and body are pale yellowish brown. The female is smaller and has greatly reduced wings, so is flightless.
Similar species
This species morphologically resembles its congener Operophtera brumata, but males of O. fagata are slightly larger and do not have the brown underwings characteristic of Operophtera brumata. Microscopically, there are also clear differences in the morphology of the genitalia between the two species. In O. fagata, the uncus is more pointed with a broader and flatter base that is more triangular in O. brumata (Kellner, 2005). Although co-occurring in the same habitat with overlapping flight times, the two species do not interbreed, which is probably because females produce species-specific pheromones that attract males of only their own species.[5]
Reproduction and life history
From mid-May until early June, mature larvae fall from trees to the woodland floor to pupate in the soil. They remain there until October and November when adults emerge to reproduce.[6] Wingless females crawl up tree trunks, while males fly in swarms at night to encounter females to mate with. Females lay eggs on twigs close to leaf buds in November, where they overwinter.[6] In the UK, adults are active October - December. The larvae hatch April – May, which in Europe happens at the same time as birch leaves come out.[7]
Pest status
The larva of this moth can be a serious pest of fruit trees in northern Britain by attacking the foliage and blossom.[3] Damage to fruit trees by defoliation is more likely when birch trees, a natural host plant, are growing nearby.[8] In Northern and Central Europe, the larva is a serious defoliator of beech and birch plantations and can sometimes destroy whole seedling plantations.[9]
References
- ^ Kellner J. 2005. Proposed separation of male Operophtera fagata (Scharfenberg, 1805) from Operophtera fumata (Linnaeus, 1758) by their genitalia (Lep., Geometridae). Entomologische Nacrichten und Berichte 49: 191 – 193.
- ^ name = "Carter", Carter DJ. 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe, with special references to the British Isles. Dr W Junk Publishers.
- ^ a b c name = "Carter"
- ^ name = "Hylen", Hylen G, Krokene P, Larsson JY, Solheim H, Timmermann V. 2007. A guide to the identification of damage causes – Norwegian National List. The Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute
- ^ Szocs G, Tóth M, Kárpáti Z, Zhu J, Löfstedt C, Plass E, Francke W. 2004. Identification of polyenic hydrocarbons from the northern winter moth, Operophtera fagata, and development of a species-specific lure for pheromone traps. Chemoecology 14: 53 – 58.
- ^ a b Tomalak M. 2003. Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against winter moths (Operophtera brumata and O. fagata) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) infesting urban trees. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13(5): 517 – 527.
- ^ name = "Hylen"
- ^ Briggs JB. 1956. Notes on the biology of and identification of some allies of the winter moth (Operorophtera brumata (L.)). 43rd Report to East Malling Research Station 1955: 141 – 145.
- ^ Escherich K. 1931. Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas. Tom. 3. D-Berlin: Paul Parrey, pp. 558 – 595
