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Dniester

Not to be confused with the Dnieper, which also flows through Ukraine.
"Dnestr" redirects here. For the Soviet radar system, see Dnestr radar.
"Nistru" redirects here. For other uses, see Nistru (disambiguation).

Dniester
Rîbnița and the Dniester river
Map of the Dniester basin
Location
Country
Cities
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationEastern Beskids (Ukrainian Carpathians)
 • coordinates49°12′44″N 22°55′40″E / 49.21222°N 22.92778°E / 49.21222; 22.92778
 • elevation900 m (3,000 ft)
MouthBlack Sea
 • location
Odesa Oblast
 • coordinates
46°21′0″N 30°14′0″E / 46.35000°N 30.23333°E / 46.35000; 30.23333
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length1,362 km (846 mi)
Basin size68,627 km2 (26,497 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average310 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftMurafa, Smotrych, Zbruch, Seret, Strypa, Zolota Lypa, Stryi
 • rightBotna, Bîc, Răut, Svicha, Lomnytsia, Ichel
Map
Official nameLower Dniester
Designated20 August 2003
Reference no.1316[1]
Official nameDnister River Valley
Designated20 March 2019
Reference no.2388[2]

The Dniester (/ˈniːstər/ NEE-stər)[3][4][5][a] is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.

Names

The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river."[7] (The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on the far side".) Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister, the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister).[8] The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid."[citation needed]

The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without -i- but with -a-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis.[citation needed] Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[9]

In Ukrainian, it is known as Дністе́р (translit. Dnister), in Romanian as Nistru, in Russian as Днестр (translit. Dnestr), in Polish as Dniestr, in Yiddish as Nester נעסטער; in Turkish as Turla (Ottoman Turkish: طورلا ، طورله), and in Lithuanian as Dniestras.

Geography

Dnister's riverhead in Staryi Sambir (western Ukraine)

The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Turka, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.

The Dniester at the Moldavian fortress of Tighina.

Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe. Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc.

History

The Dniester in Khotyn (western Ukraine). Another Moldavian fortress and an Orthodox church seen on foreground.

During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world.[10]

In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia, and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with the Ister (lower Danube), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately 210 km (130 mi) – according to Strabo (vii.), while 210 km (130 mi) (from the Pseudostoma) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course.

Greek authors referred to the river as Tyras (Greek: ὁ Τύρας).[11] At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus,[12] whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century.[13] The form Τύρις is sometimes found.[14]

According to Constantine VII, the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along Dniester and Dnieper and along the Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria).

From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia.

Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and the Soviet Union. In 1919, on Easter Sunday, the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks.[15] During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river.

After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river.

In Moldova, the Dniester Day (Romanian: Ziua Nistrului) is celebrated every year in the last Sunday of May.[16]

Tributaries

At the confluence of the Seret and the Dniester.

From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (231 km or 144 mi), Svicha [uk] (107 km or 66 mi), Limnytsia [de] (122 km or 76 mi), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (283 km or 176 mi), Ichel [ro] (101 km or 63 mi), Bîc (155 km or 96 mi), and Botna (152 km or 94 mi).

Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strwiąż (94 km or 58 mi), Zubra, Hnyla Lypa (87 km or 54 mi), Zolota Lypa (140 km or 87 mi), Koropets (78 km or 48 mi), Strypa (147 km or 91 mi), Seret (250 km or 160 mi), Zbruch (245 km or 152 mi), Smotrych (169 km or 105 mi), Ushytsia [uk] (122 km or 76 mi), Zhvanchyk [de] (107 km or 66 mi), Liadova [uk] (93 km or 58 mi), Murafa (162 km or 101 mi), Rusava [uk] (78 km or 48 mi), Yahorlyk [uk] (73 km or 45 mi), and Kuchurhan (123 km or 76 mi).[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^

References

  1. ^ "Lower Dniester". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Dnister River Valley". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  3. ^ "Dnister River". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Dniester". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  5. ^ "Dniester". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  6. ^ "Dniester". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022.
  7. ^ Mallory, J.P. and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. p. 106
  8. ^ Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (tr. "Ossetian language and folklore"). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. P. 236
  9. ^ Edward Gibbon. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol 1 chapt 11
  10. ^ Mikhail Widejko (Відейко М. Ю.). "Трипільські протоміста. Історія досліджень. Київ 2002; с. 103–125" [Trypillya culture proto-cities. History of investigations. Kyiv 2002, p. 103–125)]. Iananu.kiev.ua. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  11. ^ Strabo ii.
  12. ^ Amm. Marc. xxxi. 3. § 3; Jornand. Get. 5; Const. Porphyr. de Adm. Imp. 8
  13. ^ Herod. iv. 11, 47, 82; Scylax, p. 29; Strab. i. p. 14; Mela, ii. 1, etc.; also Schaffarik, Slav. Alterth. i. p. 505.
  14. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, p. 671; Suid. s. v.
  15. ^ Kaba, John (1919). Politico-economic Review of Basarabia. United States: American Relief Administration. p. 15. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Pe 26 mai este marcată Ziua Nistrului, cu sloganul "Râul care ne unește"" (in Romanian). Moldpres. 24 May 2024. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  17. ^ Dnister River Archived 2020-10-19 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia of Ukraine, accessed 15 December 2022

General

Quelle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nistru