Mass operations of the NKVD
| Mass repression in the Soviet Union |
|---|
| Economic repression |
| Political repression |
| Ideological repression |
| Ethnic repression |
Mass operations of the People's Comissariate of Internal Affairs (NKVD)[1] were carried out during the Great Purge and targeted specific categories of people. As a rule, they were carried out according to the corresponding order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov.
National operations of the NKVD
The operations of this type in this period targeted "foreign" ethnicities (ethnicities with cross-border ties to foreign nation-states), unlike nationally targeted repressions during World War II. According to historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin became concerned about rearguard uprisings that were seen in the Spanish Civil War and believed that "nationalities of foreign governments" posed a threat in border regions, even if they were Soviet citizens whose ancestors had sometimes lived decades or centuries in the areas controlled by the Soviet Union.[2]
Minutes of the January 31, 1938 Politburo meeting list the following ethnicities against which NKND operations were to be continued: Poles, Latvians, Germans, Estonians, Finns, Greeks, Iranians, Harbinites, Chinese, and Romanians. It was also suggested to carry out similar NKVD operations against Bulgarians and Macedonians.[3]
From August 1937 to October 1938, 353,513 people were arrested and 247,157 were shot in the national operations of NKVD. It is estimated that this would make up 34% of the total victims of the Great Purge.[4]
- Polish Operation of the NKVD ~111,091 killed[5]
- German Operation of the NKVD ~41,898 killed[6]
- Greek Operation of the NKVD 20,000[7]—50,000 killed or disappeared[8]
- Latvian Operation of the NKVD 16,573 killed[9]
- Korean Operation of the NKVD ~40,000 killed[10]
- Chinese Operation of the NKVD 3,932 killed[11]: 54
- Estonian Operation of the NKVD 4,672 killed[12]
- Finnish Operation of the NKVD 8,000–25,000 killed or disappeared[13]
- Harbin Operation of the NKVD ~30,992 Harbin Russians were killed[14]
Other
- NKVD Order No. 00447, an operation to repress ex-kulaks, criminals, and other anti-Soviet "elements"[15]
- Family members of traitors to the Motherland
Rollback
On November 17, 1938 a joint decree No. 81 of Sovnarkom USSR and Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Decree about Arrests, Prosecutor Supervision and Course of Investigation and the subsequent order of the NKVD undersigned by Lavrentiy Beria canceled most of NKVD orders of mass type (but not all, see, e.g., NKVD Order No. 00689) and suspended implementation of death sentences, signifying the end of the Great Purge ("Yezhovshchina").
See also
- Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940–1951)
- Genocide of the Ingrian Finns
- Mass killings under communist regimes
References
- ^ Vadim Rogovin "The Party of the Executed" (1997) ISBN 5-85272-026-7, Chapter 1: "Mass Operations" (in Russian)
- ^ Werth, Nicolas (2010). "The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 – November 1938)". Mass Violence & Résistance. ISSN 1961-9898.
- ^ Выписка из протокола заседания Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о продлении операции против поляков, латышей, немцев, эстонцев, финнов, греков, иранцев, харбинцев, китайцев и румын. 31 января 1938 г.
- ^ Sundström, Olle; Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2017). "Introduction: the problem of ethnic and religious minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union". Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research (PDF). Södertörn Academic Studies. p. 16. ISBN 9789176017777.
- ^ Eric J. Schmaltz. "Soviet "Paradise" Revisited: Genocide, Dissent, Memory and Denial" (PDF). GRHS Heritage Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
- ^ Н.Охотин, А.Рогинский, Москва. Из истории "немецкой операции" НКВД 1937-1938 гг.Chapter 2
- ^ Will Englund (November 12, 2012). "Greeks of the steppe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
- ^ Agtzidis, Vlasis (1991). "The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union". Journal of Refugee Studies. 4 (4): 372–382. doi:10.1093/jrs/4.4.372.
- ^ Björn M. Felder: Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg. p. 72.
- ^ Pohl, J. Otto (1999), Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949, Greenwood, page 13-14
- ^ Yin, Guangming (2016). "苏联处置远东华人问题的历史考察(1937—1938)" [A Historical Investigation of the Soviet Union's Handling of the Chinese Issue in the Far East (1937-1938)]. Modern Chinese History Studies (in Simplified Chinese) (2). Beijing: Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 41. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022 – via Renmin University of China Library.
- ^ Werth, Nicolas (2010-05-20). "The NKVD Mass Secret National Operations (August 1937 – November 1938)". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
- ^ Torvinen, Pekka (2021-01-27). "Stalinin vainoissa kuolleiden tai kadonneiden suomalaisten vaiheiden selvittämistä jatketaan". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 2022-01-06.
- ^ "Ukraine: Secret service publishes Stalin files". BBC News. August 2014.
- ^ Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. p. 81. ISBN 978-0465002399.